Home>Statistics, Facts & Advice>Literature Research References -- Part 1

Compiled and Edited by Dr. Leon James



  1. AAA Michigan (1994). Portrait of a young driver. Dearborn, Michigan: AAA Michigan.

  2. Aberg L; Rimmo PA. Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 1998 Jan; 41 (1): 39-56.

  3. Abraham, T. (1993, May 27). Road rage taking a violent turn Britain. The Hindu online. [Online] Available: http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960601/15/2711a.html  

  4. Adams, J.G.U. (1982). The efficacy of seat belt legislation. SAE Report #820819.

  5. Advocacy Institute, "Tackling Alcohol Problems on Campus: Tools for Media Advocacy," Washington, D.C.: Advocacy Institute, 1992). Reprinted in "Rethinking Rites of Passage: Substance Abuse on America's Campuses," Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), June 1994.

  6. Alexandre, A., & Barde, J. (Dec. 1990/Jan. 1991). Deaf Ears on Noise Pollution? The OECD Observer, p. 23.

  7. Ampofo-Boateng, K., & Thomson, J.A. (1989). Child pedestrian accidents: A case for preventive medicine. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 265-274.

  8. Anderson, David, "Breaking the Tradition on College Campuses: Reducing Drug and Alcohol Misuse," Fairfax, VA, George Mason University, 1992.

  9. Anderson, David, "College Alcohol Survey," Fairfax, VA, George Mason University, 1994.

  10. Anonymous (1984). 55-mph Speed Limit Passes a Milestone. U.S. News & World Report, January 23, 1986:11.

  11. Anonymous (1986). National 55 MPH Speed Limit. Congressional Digest, December 1986;289.

  12. Anonymous (1986). Time to raise 55-mph speed limit?. U.S. News & World Report, May 19, 1986:28.

  13. Antaki, C., Morris, P.E., & Flude, B.M. (1986). The effectiveness of the Tufty Club in road safety education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 363-365.

  14. Antonovsky, A. (1984). The sense of coherence as a determinant of health. In J.D. Matarasize, S.M. Weiss, J.A. Herd, N.E. Miller & S.M. Weiss (Eds.), Behavioral health: A handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention (pp. 116-129). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

  15. Arnett, J (1989). "Drunk Driving, Sensation Seeking, and Egocentrism Among Adolesdcents," Personality and Individual differences: 1990 Vol 11, 541-546.

  16. Aronoff, C.J. (1971), cited in Shinar, D. (1978). Psychology on the road: The human factor in traffic safety. New York: Wiley.

  17. Arthur, W., Barrett, G.V., Alexander, R.A.. Prediction of Vehicular Accident Involvement: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Safety Research. 23:73 - 80. 1992.

  18. Arthur, W., Strong, M.H., & Williamson, J. (1994). Validation of a visual attention test as a predictor of driving accident involvement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 173-182.

  19. Austin, Michael. Accident Black Spot. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1966.

  20. Automotive Safety Foundation (1970). A resource curriculum in driver and traffic safety education. Washington, D.C.: Automotive Safety Foundation.

  21. Baker, S.P. (1981). Childhood injuries: The community approach to prevention. Journal of Public Health Policy, September, 236-246.

  22. Ball, I.L., Farnill, D. and Wangeman, J.F. (1984). Sex and age differences in sensation seeking: Some national comparisons. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 257-265.

  23. Ball, K., Owsley, C., Sloane, M.E., Roenker, D.L. and Bruni, J.R. (1993). Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 34, 3110-3123.

  24. Bard, M. (1993, March). Going With the Flow. The Washington Post, p.B5.

  25. Bard, M. and Kogan, M. (1993, March 8). Rush-hour combat: The competitive commuter game. Washington Post, sec. B, p. 5.

  26. Basch, C.E., DeCicco, I.M., & Malfetti, J.L. (1987). Perceptions, attitudes, motivations and behaviors of drivers 18 to 22 years old. Safety Research and Education Project, Teachers College, Columbia University. Falls Church, Virginia: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

  27. Basch, Charles E. Perception, attitudes, motivations, and behaviors of drivers 18 to 22 years old. New York: Clearing House, 1987.

  28. Bass, R., & Anderson, P.W. (1986). Car seat education and rental program: A county approach. American Journal of Public Health, 76, 3, 293.

  29. Baum, A., Schaeffer, M., Singer, J., & Street, S. (1988). Effects of Control on the Stress Reactions of Commuters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 944-957.

  30. Baum, Andrew &, Epstein,Yakov (eds) (1978) Human Response to Crowding Hilisdale: Lawrence Eribaum Assoc.

  31. Baxter, J.S., Manstead, A.S.R., Stradling, S.G., Campbell, K.A., Reason, J.T., & Parker, D. (1990). Social facilitation and driver behaviour. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 351-360.

  32. Behling, Laura L. The woman at the wheel:" marketing ideal womanhood, 1915-1934. Journal of American Culture, Fall 1997 v20 n3 p13(18)

  33. Benfari, R.C. (1981). The multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT): III. The model for intervention. Preventive Medicine, 10, 426-442.

  34. Benjamin, Ludy T.(June,1986) Defining Aggression Teaching of Psychology 57. (3),700-711 .

  35. Berg, W.D. Driver Information Needs and Implications for Safety Measures. 1985 National Conference on Highway-Rail Safety, Kansas City, Missouri, July 16-18, 1985, TransCom, 1985.

  36. Berger, M.L. 1986. Women Drivers: the emergence of folklore and stereotypic opinions concerning feminine automotive behavior. Women's Studies Int. Forum, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 257-263.

  37. Berger, Michael L. Women drivers; how a stereotype kept distaff drivers in their place. Road & Track, May 1985 v36 p56(4)

  38. Bjornskau, Torkel and Elvik, Rune (1992). "Can road traffic law enforcement permanently reduce the number of accidents?" Accident Analysis and Prevention 24(5):507-520.

  39. Bloch, Steven A. A Comparative Study of The Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Display Boards. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C., USA: 1998.

  40. Blockey PN; Hartley LR. Aberrant driving behaviour: errors and violations. Ergonomics, 1995 Sep; 38 (9): 1759-71

  41. Blomquist, G. (1986). A utility maximization model of driver traffic safety behaviour. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 5, 371-375.

  42. Bloom, B.S. (Ed.), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay; 1956.

  43. Bloom, B.S. and Broder, L.J. The Problem Solving Processes of College Students: An Exploratory Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1950.

  44. Blumenthal, M., Khan, R., Andrews, F., & Head, K. (1972, February). Justifying Violence: Attitudes of American Men. Michigan: Braun-Brumfield, Inc.

  45. Bonnie, R.J. (1985). The efficacy of law as a paternalistic instrument. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 33, 131-211.

  46. Booth, W.L. (1983). Effects of police visibility on driver behaviour. The Police Chief, January, 42-46.

  47. Borphy, B. (1987). Keeping cool when traffic heats up. U.S. News & World Report, September 7, 1987, pp. 26-27.

  48. Bouter, L.M., Knipschild, P.G., Feij, J.A. and Volovics, A. (1988). Sensation seeking and injury risk in downhill skiing. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 667-673.

  49. Bower, G.H. (1991). Incentive programs for promoting safer driving. In M.J. Koornstra & J. Christensen (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Road Safety Symposium in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 19-21. Leidschendam, The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research.

  50. Bowman, J.A., Sanson-Fisher, R.W., & Webb, G.R. (1987). Interventions in preschools to increase the use of safety restraints by preschool children. Pediatrics, 79, 1, 103-109.

  51. Brehmer, B.. (1990). Variable errors set a limit to adaptation.Ergonomics, 33, 1231-1239.

  52. Brody, L. (1941). Personal factors in safe operation of motor vehicles. New York: New York University.

  53. Brophy, Beth (1987,Sept,7) "Keeping Cool when the Traffic heats up" U.S World News Report Sept 7,198p.27

  54. Brown, I.D. (1986). Prospects for improving road safety. Ergonomics, 29, 12, 1495-1505.

  55. Brown, I.D. (1989). How can we train safe driving? Inaugural Address presented at the appointment to the Special Chair in Traffic Science at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, October 24, 1989. Haren, The Netherlands: University of Groningen.

  56. Brown, I.D., & Groeger, J.A. (1988). Risk perception and decision taking during the transition between novice and experienced driver status. Ergonomics, 31, 4, 585-597.

  57. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report; "Drunk Driving," Robyn L. Cohen, U.S. Department of Justice, September 1992. Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA). Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana: Gateways to Illicit Drug Use, October 1994.

  58. Burns, M. (1985). Field sobriety tests: An important component of DUI enforcement. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 1, 3, 21-25.

  59. Burns, P.C. (June, 1992). Risk taking in male drivers: Relationships among personality, experimental measures, observational data and driver records. M.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

  60. Caine, R.N., & Caine, G. (1994). Making connections, teaching and the human brain. Menlo Park, CA: Innovative Learning Publications, Addison-Wesley.

  61. California Department of Motor Vehicles. (1996). California driver handbook. Sacramento, CA: DMV Publication.

  62. Callen,K. "The Secretary's Conference for Youth on Drinking and Driving: Special Report," Public Health Reports: 1983 Vol 98 336- 343.

  63. Campbell, B.J. (1971). Who really causes the accidents? Traffic Safety, December, 22-24.

  64. Campbell, B.J. (1981). An attempt to evaluate the impact on accidents of various selective traffic enforcement projects funded by the North Carolina Governor's Highway Program and carried out by several North Carolina cities (Report No: HS-034 557). Raleigh, North Carolina: Governor's Highway Safety Program.

  65. Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (CCMTA). (1990). National Occupant Restraint Program. Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety.

  66. Clark, A.W., & Powell, R.J. (1984). Changing drivers' attitudes through peer group decision. Human Relations, 37, 2, 155-162.

  67. Clark, John R. K. The Beaches of Oahu. Honolulu: Univ. Press of Hawaii, 1977.

  68. Clarke, D. D.; Ward, P. J.; Jones, J. A Clear Road Ahead: Beyond the Problems of Accident Causation. pp. 1-19. Annual seminar; 6th -- 1995 Sep : Egham. Transport Research Laboratory; 1996 ISSUE 3138.

  69. Clement, R., & Jonah, B.A. (1984). Field dependence, sensation seeking and driving behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 87-93.

  70. Cole, B.L., Hughes, P.K. Drivers Don't Search: They Just Notice. In: Brogan, D., ed. Visual Search: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Visual Search. University of Durham, England. September 5 - 9, 1988. London: Taylor & Francis. 1990.

  71. Cook, W. J. (1996, November 11). Mad driver's disease. U.S. News and World Report, pp. 74-6.

  72. Cope, J.G., Grossnickle, W.F., & Geller, E.S. (1986). An evaluation of three corporate strategies for safety belt use promotion. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 3, 243-251.

  73. Cope, J.G., Johnson, A.W., & Grossnickle, W.F. (1990). Behaviour engineering proposals: Three effects on drivers and passengers of a mandatory use law for safety belts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 291-298.

  74. Core Institute, Center for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Student Health Program, Southern Illinois University. "Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perception of the Campus Environment," Volume 1:1989-91. January 1993.

  75. Cormack, J.S., Cooper, P.J., & Cote, D. (1992). Changing young driver attitudes and behaviour: Traffic safety program development and application at the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. Presented at the International Conference on Automobile Insurance and Road Accident Prevention, Amsterdam, April 6-8, 1992. North Vancouver, Canada: Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.

  76. Cross, R.T., & Pitkethly, A. (1991). Concept modification approach to pedestrian safety: A strategy for modifying young children's existing conceptual framework of speed. Research in Science & Technological Education, 9, 1, 93-106.

  77. Crowe, James W. (1986). "School driver education status in the state of Indiana: Warning signals." Indiana Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance Journal 15(4)17,18,19.

  78. Crowe, James W. (1992). "A national assessment of driver education funding models." ADTSEA Journal of Traffic Safety Education, 40(4)8,9,15,16,24.

  79. Crowe, James W. and Torabi, Mohammad R. (1988). "A national study of driver education in public schools: Status and implication." ADTSEA Journal of Traffic Safety Education 35(2)18-19.

  80. Crowe, James W. and Torabi, Mohammad R. (1988). "A national study of driver education in public schools: Status and implication," p. 18.

  81. Cushman, R., Down, J., MacMillan, N., & Waclawik, H. (1990). Bicycle-related injuries: A survey in a pediatric emergency department. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 143, 2, 108-112.

  82. Cushman, R., James, W., & Waclawik, H. (1991). Physician promoting bicycle helmets for children: A randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 8, 1044-1048.

  83. DeJoy DM. The optimism bias and traffic accident risk perception. Accid Anal Prev, 1989 Aug; 21 (4): 333-40

  84. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service. "Youth and Alcohol: A National Survey; Do They Know What They Are Drinking?" June 1991.

  85. Dewar, R. (1991). Driver and pedestrian characteristics. In J.L. Pline (Ed.), Traffic Engineering Handbook (pp. 1-28). Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

  86. Dickenson, R.A.V. (December, 1987). An experimental investigation of risk homeostasis theory. M.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

  87. DiGuiseppi, C.G., Rivara, F.P., Koepsell, T.D., & Polissar, L. (1989). Bicycle helmet use by children: Evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 16, 2256-2261.

  88. Dingus, T.A. et. al. (1991). A Most Critical Warning Variable: Two Demonstrations of the Powerful Effects of Cost on Warning Compliance. HFES Annual Meeting, pp. 1034 - 1038.

  89. Donelson, A.C., & Mayhew, D.R. (1987). Driver improvement as post-licensing control: The state of knowledge. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications.

  90. Donovan, D.M., Queisser, H.R., Salzbery, P.M., & Umlaf, R. L. (1985). Intoxicated and Bad Drivers: Subgroups within the Same Population of High-Risk Men Drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, vol. 46, no. 5, 1985, 375-382.

  91. Dorn, L., Glendon, I., & Matthews, G. (1987). Personality Correlates of Drivers Stress. Personal and Individual Differences, 12, 535-549.

  92. DrDriving (1998) World Wide Web Site with articles on Road Rage and Aggressive Driving. URL Address: http://DrDriving.org

  93. Dussault, C. (1990). Effectiveness of a selective traffic enforcement program combined with incentives for seat belt use in Quebec. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 217-223.

  94. Dussault, C. (1993). The apple of social marketing. The Safety Network, 9, 1, 3-4.

  95. Ebbesen, E.B., Haney, M. Flirting with Death; Variables Affecting Risk-taking at Intersections. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 3: 303 - 324, 1973.

  96. Echterhoff, W. (1985). Verletzung durch einen Kraftfahrzeugunfall als Ausgangspunkt für Sicherheitswerbung. Bergisch Gladbach D: Forschungsberichte der Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen.

  97. Economos, James P. (1966) . "The Legal Environment & Traffic Safety", pps. 15-24, in National Academy of Engineering, A Symposium, Traffic Safety, A National Problem . The Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control. Connecticut.

  98. Eddy, J.M., Marotto, D.A., & Beltz, S.M. (1988). Analysis of the effectiveness of a safety belt incentive program at Cigna Corporation. American Journal of Health Promotion, Winter, 31-38.

  99. Edkins, G. D. Minimising the human factor in accident causation: A proactive vs. reactive approach. pp. 887-894 10th -- 1995 Jun : Seattle; WA. Annual international industrial ergonomics and safety conference, Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety 7. London; Taylor & Francis; 1995 ADVANCES IN INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY -INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE- 1995; NO 7 ED: Bittner, A. C.; Champney, P. C.

  100. Eigen, Lewis D., "Alcohol Practices, Policies and Potentials of American Colleges and Universities: An OSAP White Paper," Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1991). Reprinted in "Rethinking Rites of Passage: Substance Abuse on America's Campuses," Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), June 1994.

  101. Elander, J., West, R. and French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual difference in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 279-294.

  102. Elander, J., West, R., & French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 2, 279-294.

  103. Ellis, B. (1993). State Study Finds 85% of Drivers Routinely Speed. Los Angeles Times, p. 26.

  104. Elman, D., & Killebrew, T.J. (1978). Incentives and seat belts: Changing a resistant behaviour through extrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 1, 72-83.

  105. Engel, R. (1980). Summary of traffic enforcement literature. Ottawa, Canada: Solicitor General of Canada.

  106. Ericsson, Anders K. & Simon, Herbert A. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as data. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, 1984.

  107. Eron, L., & Huesmann, L. (1984). In R. J. Blanchard & D.C. Blanchard (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Aggression (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.

  108. Escobedo, Luis G., Chorba, Terence, and others (1992). "The influence of safety belt laws on self-reported safety belt use in the United States." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 24(6):643-653

  109. Evans, G.W., Palsane, M.N. and Carrere, S. (1987). Type A behaviour and occupational stress: A cross-cultural study of blue-collar workers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1002-1007.

  110. Evans, L. (1985). Factors controlling traffic crashes. Warren, MI: Transportation Research Department, General Motors Research Laboratories.

  111. Evans, L. (1987). Young driver involvement in severe car crashes. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 3, 63-78.

  112. Evans, L., & Wasielewski, P. (1982). Do accident-involved drivers exhibit riskier everyday driving behavior? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 14, 1, 57-64.

  113. Evans, L., Risk Homeostasis Theory and Traffic Accident Data. Risk Analysis, 6, 81-94, 1986,

  114. Evans, Leonard. Comment: the dominant role of driver behavior in traffic safety. American Journal of Public Health v. 86 (June '96) p. 784-6 bibl.

  115. Evans, Leonard.; Soderstrom, Carl A., reviewer.; Traffic safety and the driver (book review). JAMA v. 270 (July 7 '93) p. 99-100

  116. Evans, N. W., Graham, D. J., Neville, D., "General Deterrence of Drunk Driving: Evaluation of Recent American Policies, "Risk Analysis: 1991 Vol 11 279-288.

  117. Evans, W.N., Neville, D., & Graham, J.D. (1991). General deterrence of drunk driving: Evaluation of recent American policies. Risk Analysis, 11, 2, 279-289.

  118. Evans,N,W., Graham,D,J, Neville,D., "General Deterrence of Drunk Driving: Evaluation of Recent American Policies,"Risk Analysis: 1991 Vol 11 279- 288.

  119. Ewart, C.K. (1990). A social problem-solving approach to behaviour change in coronary heart disease. In S.A. Shumaker, E.B. Schron, J.K. Ockene, C.T. Parker, J.L. Probstfield & J.M. Wolle (Eds.), The handbook of health behavior change (pp. 153-190). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

  120. Ewart, C.K. (1991). Social action theory for a public health psychology. American Psychologist, 46, 9, 931-946.

  121. Eysenck, H.J. (1982). Encyclopedia of Psychology. New York: Continuum. "Aggression", p. 30-34.

  122. Eysenek, H.J & Meili, Arnaold R.(eds) (1982) Encyclopedia of Psychology New York:Continuum.

  123. Farquhar, J.W. (1991). The Stanford Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programs. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 623, 327-331.

  124. Farrow, A. J. 1985. "Drink and Driving Behaviors or 16-19 Year Olds," Journal of Studies on Alcohol: 1985 Vol 46. No. 5 369-373.

  125. Farrow,A.J 1985. "Drink and Driving Behaviors of 16- 19 Year- Olds," Journal of Studies on Alchohol: 1985 Vol 46. No. 5 369- 373.

  126. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States -1 994, 1 995 FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Section, Washington, D.C., Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994.

  127. Feest, J. (1968). Compliance with Legal Regulations: Observations of Stop Sign Behaviour . Law and Society Review, 2, 447-461.

  128. Ferguson, B., & Blampied, N.M. (1991). Unenlightened: An unsuccessful attempt to promote the use of cycle lights at night. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23, 6, 561-571.

  129. Filosa, Gary Fairmont R. The Surfer's Almanac: An International Surfing Guide. New York: Dutton, 1977.

  130. Fincham, S. (1992). Community health promotion programs. Social Science Medicine, 35, 3, 239-249.

  131. Finn, P., & Bragg, B.W.E. (1986). Perception of the risk of an accident by young and older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 4, 289-298.

  132. Fisher, James. Testing the Effect of Road Traffic Signs' Informational Value on Driver Behavior. Human Factors. 1992, 34(2), 231-237.

  133. Forbes, T.W. (1939). The normal automobile driver as a traffic problem. Psychological Bulletin, 20, 471-474.

  134. Forbes, T.W., Editor. (1972). Human Factors in Highway Traffic Safety Research. Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

  135. Forsthye & Compas,(1987,Aug) Interaction of Cognitive Appraisals of stressful events and coping. Cognitive Therapy and Research 11(4), 474-475.

  136. Foss, R.D. (1989). Evaluation of a community-wide incentive program to promote safety restraint use. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 3, 304-306.

  137. Freedman, M., Williams, A.F., & Lund, A.K. (1990). Public opinion regarding photo radar. In Transportation Research Record 1270 (pp. 59-65). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  138. Friedland, M.L., Trebilcock, M., & Roach, K. (1990). Regulating traffic safety. In M.L. Friedland (Ed.), Securing compliance: Seven case studies (pp. 165-324). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.

  139. Fries, J.F., Green, L.W., & Levine, S. (1989). Health promotion and the compression of morbidity. The Lancet, March 4, 481-483.

  140. Fuller, R. (1984). A conceptualization of driving behaviour as threat avoidance. Ergonomics, 27, 11, 1139-1155.

  141. Fuller, R. (1984). A conceptualization of driving behaviour as threat avoidance. Ergonomics, 27, 11, 1139-1155.

  142. Fuller, R. (1988). Psychological aspects of learning to drive. In T. Rothengatter & R. de Bruin (Eds.), Road user behaviour: Theory and research (pp. 527-537). Wolfeboro, New Hampshire: Van Gorcum.

  143. Fuller, R. (1991). Behavior Analysis and Unsafe Driving: Warning- Learning Trap Ahead. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 73-75.

  144. Fuller, Ray Behavior analysis and unsafe driving: Warning -learning trap ahead. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(1) 73-5.

  145. Furnham, A. and Saipe, J. 1993. Personality Correlates of Convicted Drivers. Personality, Individual Differences, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 329-336.

  146. Gagne, R.M., Briggs, L.J., & Wagner, W.W. (1988). Principles of instructional design (Third edition). Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

  147. Galbraith, Maury S., Miller, Ted R., Lawrence, Bruce A. Costs and Benefits of a Sobriety Checkpoint Program. Working Paper, National Public Services Research Institute, 1996.

  148. Galizio, M., Jackson, L.A., & Steele, F.O. (1979). Enforcement symbols and driving speed: The overreaction effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 3, 311-315.

  149. Gander, J.P. (1985). Highway speed and uncertainty of enforcement: The travelling salesman (or trucker) case. Logistics and Transportation Review, 22, 1, 43-55.

  150. Ganton, N. and Wilde, G.J.S. (1971). Verbal ratings of estimated danger by drivers and passengers as a function of driving experience. Report prepared for the Roads and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety Division, Ministry of Transport, Ottawa.

  151. Garber, S., & Graham, J.D. (1990). The effects of the new 65 mile-per-hour speed limit on rural highway fatalities: A state-by-state analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 22, 2, 137-149.

  152. Gebers, M.A., Romanowica, P.A., & McKenzie, D.M. (1993). Teen and senior drivers (CAL-DMV-RSS-93-141). Sacramento, CA: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

  153. Geen, Russell G. & Donnerstein, Edward (1983) Aggression: Theoretical and Methodological Review. New York: Academic Press.

  154. Geen, Russell G., 1990, Human Aggression,

  155. Geller, E.S. (1983). Rewarding safety belt usage at an industrial setting: Tests of treatment generality and response maintenance. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 16, 2, 189-202.

  156. Geller, E.S. (1984). A delayed reward strategy for large-scale motivation of safety belt use: A test of long-term impact. Accident Analysis and Prevention 16, 5/6, 457-463.

  157. Geller, E.S. (1988). A behavioral science approach to transportation safety. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 64, 7, 632-661.

  158. Geller, E.S. (1990). Preventing injuries and deaths from vehicle crashes: Encouraging belts and discouraging booze. Social Influence Processes and Prevention, 1, 249-277.

  159. Geller, E.S. (1991). If only more would actively care. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 4, 607-611.

  160. Geller, E.S. (1996).The Psychology of Safety: How to Improve behaviors and attitudes on the job. Radnor, Pennsylvania, Chilton.

  161. Geller, E.S., & Lehman, G.R. (1991). The buckle-up promise card: A versatile intervention for large-scale behaviour change. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 24, 91-94.

  162. Geller, E.S., & Ludwig, T.D. (1990). A behaviour change taxonomy for improving road safety. In M.J. Koornstra & J. Christensen (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Road Safety Symposium in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 19-21. Leidschendam, The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research.

  163. Geller, E.S., Berry, T.D., Ludwig, T.D., Evans, R.E., Gilmore, M.R., & Clarke, S.W. (1990). A conceptual framework for developing and evaluating behavior change interventions for injury control. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 125-137.

  164. Geller, E.S., Berry, T.D., Ludwig, T.D., Evans, R.E., Gilmore, M.R., & Clarke, S.W. (1990). A conceptual framework for developing and evaluating behaviour change interventions for injury control. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 125-137.

  165. Geller, E.S., Bruff, C.D., & Nimmer, J.G. (1985). ìFlash for Lifeî: Community-based prompting for safety belt promotion. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 18, 4, 309-314.

  166. Geller, E.S., Davis, L., & Spicer, K. (1983). Industry-based incentives for promoting seat belt use: Differential impact on white-collar versus blue-collar employees. Journal of Organizational Behaviour Management, 5, 1, 17-29.

  167. Geller, E.S., Elder, J.P., Hovell, M.F., & Sleet, D.A. (1991). Behaviour change approaches to deterring alcohol-impaired driving. Advances in Health Education and Promotion, 3, 45-68.

  168. Geller, E.S., Johnson, R.P., & Pelton, S.L. (1982a). Community-based interventions for encouraging safety belt use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 183-195.

  169. Geller, E.S., Kalsher, M.J., Rudd, J.R., & Lehman, G.R. (1989). Promoting safety belt use on a university campus: An integration of commitment and incentive strategies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1, 3-19.

  170. Geller, E.S., Paterson, L., & Talbott, E. (1982b). A behavioral analysis of incentive prompts for motivating seat belt use. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 15, 3, 403-415.

  171. Geller, E.S., Rudd, J.R., Kalsher, M.J., Streff, F.M., & Lehman, G.R. (1987). Employer-based programs to motivate safety belt use: A review of short-term and long term effects. Journal of Safety Research, 18, 1-17.

  172. Geller, S. and Lehman, G. (1991). The buckle-up promise card: A versatile intervention for large-scale behavior change. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 24 (1), 91-94.

  173. Gemming, M.G., Runyan, C.W., Hunter, W.W., & Campbell, B.J. (1984). A community health education approach to occupant protection. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 2, 147-158.

  174. General Accounting Office. (1991). Highway safety: Motorcycle helmet laws save lives and reduce costs to society (Report No. GAO/RCED-91-170). Gaithersburg, Maryland: General Accounting Office.

  175. Gest.Ted.(1987,Aug 10) Rambo's Brother's Cruise Clogged Expressways U.S World News Report pp 6.

  176. Gielen, A.C. (1992). Health education and injury control: Integrating approaches. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 2, 203-218.

  177. Gilbert, D.T. (1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process. In J.S. Uleman and J.A. Bargh (eds), Unintended thoughts. New York: Guilford, pp.189-211.

  178. Glad, A. (1988). Phase 2 driver education effect on the risk of accident. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Center for Research.

  179. Glauberman, S. (1991). Merging Can Send Drivers Into a Major Metamorphosis. Honolulu Advertiser.

  180. Godin, G., & Shephard, R.J. (1990). Use of attitude-behaviour models in exercise promotion. Sports Medicine, 10, 2, 103-121.

  181. Goehring, Jan. (1998) Aggressive Driving (and Legislative Initiatives). NCSL Transportation Reviews. Available online here.

  182. Goldstin, J., (1975). Aggression and Crimes of Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

  183. Goleman, David, 1986, Emotional Intelligence, London: Bloomsbury Annotated Bibliography on Emotional Intelligence here.

  184. Gopher, D. (1992). The skill of attention control: Acquisition and execution of attention strategies. In D.E. Meyer & S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV, Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience (pp. 299-322). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

  185. Granger, B. (1993). Driving and Planting: The State of the speed limit in Chicago. Chicago Tribune, p.6.

  186. Grant, B.A. (1990). Effectiveness of feedback and education in an employment based seat belt program. Health and Education Research, 5, 2, 197-205.

  187. Grayson, G. and Noordzij, P. (1990). Facteurs individuels et sociaux influençant la probabilité d'accidents. Proceedings, International Symposium organised by La Prévention Routière, May 16-18, 1989. Caen F: Paradigme, pp. 635-641.

  188. Greene, B.F., Bailley, J.S., & Barber, F. (1981). An analysis and reduction of disruptive behaviour on school buses. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 14, 2, 177-192.

  189. Greenwald, J. (1992, April). Driving Yourself Sand. Health. p.86,87,89.

  190. Gregersen, N.P. (1996).Young driversí overestimation of their own skill ñ An experiment on the relation between training strategy and skill. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 28, 243-250.

  191. Guerin, D., & MacKinnon, D.P. (1985). An assessment of the California child passenger restraint requirement. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 2, 142-144.

  192. Gulian, E., Matthews, G., Glendon, A.I., Davies, D.R., et al. Dimensions of Driver Stress Ergonomics , 32(6), 1989.

  193. Haapaniemi, P. Cover Feature: What Women Should Know About Men Drivers (and vice versa). Family Safety and Health, 1995, 54, 16.

  194. Hagenzieker, M.P. (1991). Enforcement or incentives? Promoting safety belt use among military personnel in the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 24, 1, 23-30.

  195. Hagenzieker, M.P. (1992). Drivers' opinions of enforcement and incentive strategies to promote safety belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 23, 4, 199-206.

  196. Häkkinen, S. (1979). Traffic accidents and professional driver characteristics: A follow-up study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 11, 7-18.

  197. Hale, A.R. (1991). Modifying individual road user behaviour. In M.J. Koornstra & J. Christensen (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Road Safety Symposium in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 19-21. Leidschendam, The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research.

  198. Hall, W.L., & Stewart, J.R. (1991). Effects of child passenger safety and seat belt legislation on fatalities and serious injuries to children involved in North Carolina crashes. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Toronto, Canada, October 7-9 (pp. 11-25). Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

  199. Hall, W.L., Lowrance, J.C., Suttles, D.T., & Orr, B.T. (1990). Comprehensive Program for Increasing Use of Safety Seats and Seat Belts for Children and Young Adults. University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research Center, HSRC-PR169.

  200. Hankey, J. M.; McGehee, D. V.; Dingus, T. A.; Masize="3ae, E. N. Initial Driver Avoidance Behavior and Reaction Time to an Unalerted Intersection Incursion. pp. 896-899. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual meeting; 40th -- 1996 : Philadelphia; PA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING 1071-1813 1996; VOL 2

  201. Harano, R.M., & Hubert, D.E. (1974). An evaluation of California's ìGood Driverî Incentive Program (Report No. 6). Sacramento, CA: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

  202. Hare, N., Field, J., & Quirked, B. Gender differences and areas of common concern in the driving behaviors and attitudes of adolescents. Journal of Safety Research. 1996, 27(3),163.

  203. Hargett, James. (1989). Riding Technique: Keeping drivers friendly: Eight Common Sense Tips for Sharing the Road, v30 n7, 58.

  204. Harre & Lamb (1983) Encyclopedia of Psychology (1983)Cambridge :MIT Press.

  205. Harrington- Lueker, Donne. "Blown Awav By School Violence", The Educational Digest, November 1992, p.1003.

  206. Harrington, D.M. (1972). The young driver follow-up study: An evaluation of the role of human factors in the first four years of driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 4, 191-240.

  207. Hartocollis, Anemona. She drives like a man."(women and automobiles; Special Collector's Issue: Hot for the Road; 100 Years of the Automobile in America) Life, Wntr 1996 v19 n2 p28(6)

  208. Hauer, E., & Cooper, P.J. (1977). Effectiveness of selective enforcement in reducing accidents in Metropolitan Toronto. In Transportation Research Record 643 (pp. 18-22). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  209. Hauer, E., Ahlin, F.J., & Bowser, J.S. (1982). Speed enforcement and speed choice. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 14, 4, 267-278.

  210. Heino, A., van der Molen, H.H. and Wilde, G.J.S (in press). Individual differences in car-following and perceived risk. Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.

  211. Heino, A., van der Molen, H.H. and Wilde, G.J.S. (1992). Risk-homeostatic processes in car-following behaviour: Individual differences in car-following and perceived risk. Report VK 92-02, Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen, the Netherlands, p.31.

  212. Hernandez C.R., Rabow, J., Watts,K.R, "College Students Do Intervene In Drunk Driving Situations," Sociology and Social Research: 1986 Vol 70 224- 226.

  213. Hernandez, C.R., Rabow, K. R., "College Students Do Intervine In Drunk Driving Situations," Sociology and Social Research: 1986 Vol 70 224-226.

  214. Higham, S. (1980). Education is the key (Motorcycle Safety Course). Driver, 14, 4, 8-9.

  215. Hilakivi, I., Veilahti, J., Asplund, P., Sinivuo, J., Laitinen, L. and Koskenvuo, K. (1989). A sixteen-factor personality test for predicting automobile driving accidents of young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 21, 413-418.

  216. Hingson, R., Howland, J., Morelock, S., & Heeren, T. (1988b). Legal interventions to reduce drunken driving and related fatalities among youthful drivers. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 4, 2, 87-98.

  217. Hingson, R.W., Howland, J., & Levenson, M.P.H. (1988a). Effects of legislative reform to reduce drunken driving and alcohol-related traffic fatalities. Public Health Reports, 103, 6, 659-667.

  218. Homel, R. (1986). Policing the drinking driver: Random breath testing and the process of deterrence. Canberra, Australia: Federal Office of Road Safety.

  219. Homel, R. (1988). Policing and punishing the drinking driver: A study of general and specific deterrence. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

  220. Hool, J.N.L., Maghsoodloo, S., Veren, A.D., & Brown, D.B. (1983). Analysis of selective enforcement strategy effects on rural Alabama traffic speeds. In Transportation Research Record 910 (pp. 74-88). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  221. Hopkins, J. and W.A. Parseghian (1997). A Driving Simulator Evaluation of Active Warning Signs. HFES Annual Meeting, pp. 921 - 925.

  222. Horvath, P. and Zuckerman, M. (1993). Sensation seeking, risk appraisal and risky behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 41-52.

  223. Howard, A., and Joint, M., 1994, "Fatigue and Stress in Driving," The Automobile Association

  224. Howarth, C.I. (1988). The relationship between objective risk, subjective risk and behaviour. Ergonomics, 31, 4, 527-535.

  225. Huguernin, R.D. The Concept of Risk and Behavior Models in Traffic Psychology. Ergonomics. 31: 557 - 569, 1988.

  226. Hunter, W.W., & Stutts, J.C. (1982). Use of economic incentives to modify safety belt use behaviour. In The 26th Annual Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, October 4-6 (pp. 249-265). Ottawa, Canada: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

  227. Hunter, W.W., & Woodward, A.R. (1986). High school seat belt incentive programs: The 1985-1986 Year. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center.

  228. Hunter, W.W., Campbell, B.J., Gemming, M.G., & Stewart, J.R. (1984). ìSeat belts pay offî: The evaluation of a community wide incentive program. In 28th Annual Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, October 8-10 (pp. 23-31). Denver, CO: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

  229. Hunter, W.W., Stewart, J.R., Stutts, J.C., Marchetti, L.M., Little, C., & Reinfurt, D.W. (1991). Non-sanction seat belt law enforcement: A modern day tale of two cities. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, October 7-9, Toronto, Canada (pp. 57-76). Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

  230. Hunter, W.W., Stutts, J.C., Stewart, J.R., & Rodgman, E.A. (1990). Characteristics of seat belt users and non-users in a state with a mandatory belt use law. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 161-173.

  231. Hurst, P.M. (1980b). Can anyone reward safe driving? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 12, 217-220.

  232. Hutchinson, T.P. (1987). Road accident statistics. Adelaide, South Australia: Rumsby Scientific Publishing, p. 223.

  233. Insurance Information Institute (1987). Insurance Facts 1987-1988 Property Casualty Facts Book. New York: The Institute. HG9956 .C4

  234. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (1967). National Highway Safety Standards, Washington, DC.

  235. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. "Facts, 1995 Edition," Arlington, Virginia, 1995.

  236. Insurance Research Council. "Public Attitude Monitor, 1993," surveys conducted by Roper Starch Worldwide, November, 1993.

  237. Jackson, D.N., Hourany, L. and Vidmar, N.J. (1972). A four-dimensional interpretation of risk taking. Journal of Personality, 40, 483-501.

  238. Jacobs, P., Burnton, M., & Melville, M. (1965). Nature, 208, 1351-52.

  239. Lewis, C. (1985). Adolescents' traffic casualties; causes and interventions. In L. Evans & Schwing (Eds.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (pp. 67-81). New York: Plenum Press. HE5614 .H85 1985

  240. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, July 15, 1992 v268 n3 p313(2) Trends in alcohol-related traffic fatalities, by sex - United States.

  241. James, Leon and Nahl, Diane. (2000) Road Rage and Aggressive Driving: Steering Clear of Highway Warfare. New York: Prometheus Books. Excerpts and Index available here.

  242. James, Leon and Nahl, Diane.  (1999)  Socio-Cultural Methods of Managing Driving Behavior in Society.  Available online here.

  243. James, Leon  (1999)  DrDriving's National Database of Law Enforcement and Legislative Initiatives.    Available online here.

  244. James, Leon  (1999)  DrDriving's Trucking Safety Page.  Available online here.

  245. James, Leon  and Nahl, Diane.  (1999)  DrDriving's CARRworkbook.  Children Against Road Rage Prevention.  Available online here.

  246. James, Leon (1998)  Principles of Christian Driving Psychology. available here.

  247. James, Leon, Nahl, Diane, and Nerenberg, Arnold. RoadRageous Video Course, 1999.

  248. James, Leon. (1984) Data on the Private World of the Driver: Affective, Cognitive, and Sensorimotor. Available online here

  249. James, Leon. (1987) Traffic Violence: A Crisis in Community Mental Health. Innercom -- Newsletter of the Mental Health Association in Hawaii. Available online here.

  250. James, Leon. (1994) The Social Psychology of Driving. Available online here.

  251. James, Leon. (1995) Principles of Driving Psychology.  Available online here

  252. James, Leon. (1996) Traffic Psychology at the University of Hawaii.  Available online here.

  253. James, Leon. (1997) Driving Psychology Tests. Available online here.

  254. James, Leon. (1998) The Legend of DrDriving  Available online here.

  255. James, Leon. (2000) Road Rage Survey.  Available online here

  256. James, Leon. (1998) Youth Against Road Rage (YARR) Vision statement:  Lifelong Driver's Ed:  A New Socio-Political Reality.  Available online here.

  257. James, Leon. .(1997) Congressional Testimony on Aggressive Drivers. Available online here.

  258. Janke, M.K. (1990). Safety effects of relaxing California's clean-record requirement for driver license renewal by mail. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 22, 4, 335-349.

  259. Janssen, W.H., & Tenkink, E. (1988a). Considerations on speed selection and risk homeostasis in driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 20, 2, 137-142.

  260. Janssen, W.H., & Tenkink, E. (1988b). Risk homeostasis theory and its critics: Time for an agreement. Ergonomics, 31, 4, 429-433.

  261. Janz, N.K., & Becker, M.H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1, 1-47.

  262. Jessor, R. (1987). Risky driving and adolescent problem behavior: An extension of problem-behavior theory. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 3, 3-4, 1-11.

  263. Johnson Institute. "StudentView," Minneapolis, Minnesota, March, 1993.

  264. Johnson, H.M. (1946). The detection and treatment of accident-prone drivers. Psychological Bulletin, 43, 489-532.

  265. Johnson, R.P., & Geller, E.S. (1984). Contingent versus noncontingent rewards for promoting seat belt usage. Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 113-122.

  266. Jonah, B.A. (1986). Accident risk and risk-taking behaviour among young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 4, 255-271.

  267. Jonah, B.A. (1990). Preventing road accident casualties: Integrating two solitudes. Health Education Quarterly, 5, 109-110.

  268. Jonah, B.A., & Grant, B.A. (1985). Long-term effectiveness of selective traffic enforcement programs for increasing seat belt use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 2, 257-263.

  269. Jonah, B.A., & Lawson, J.J. (1984). The effectiveness of the Canadian mandatory seat belt use laws. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 16, 5/6, 433-450.

  270. Jonah, B.A., Dawson, N.E., & Bragg, B.W.E. (1982a). Are formally trained motorcyclists safer? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 14, 4, 247-255.

  271. Jonah, B.A., Dawson, N.E., MacGregor, C.G., & Wilde, G.J.S. (1982b). Promoting seat belt use: A comparison of three approaches. In 26th Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, Ottawa, Canada, October 4-6 (pp. 167-181). Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

  272. Jones, B. (1993). The effectiveness of skid-car training for teenage novice drivers in Oregon. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles.

  273. Kalfus, G.R., Ferrari, J.R., Arean, P., Balser, D., Cotronea, R., Franco, M., & Hill, W. (1987). An examination of the New York mandatory seat belt law on a university campus. Law and Human Behaviour, 11, 1, 63-67.

  274. Kalsher, M.J., Geller, E.S., Clarke, S.W., & Lehman, G.R. (1989). Safety belt promotion on a naval base: A comparison on incentives vs. disincentives. Journal of Safety Research, 20, 103-113.

  275. Karan, B.S., & Kopelman, R.E. (1986). The effects of objective feedback on vehicular and industrial accidents: A field experiment using outcome feedback. Journal of Organizational Behaviour Management, 8, 1, 45-56.

  276. Karnes, E.W. et. al. (1986). Effects of Benign Experiences on the Perception of Risk. HFES Annual Meeting, pp. 121 - 125.

  277. Kay, C.R., Peyton, S.K., & Pike, R. (1987). Diagnosing the training situation: Matching instructional techniques with learning outcomes and environment. In J.W. Pfeiffer (Ed.), The 1987 Annual: Developing human resources. San Diego, CA: University Associates.

  278. Kearney, P. (1969). How to drive better and avoid accidents (3rd ed.). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.

  279. Kelsey, S.L., Janke, M., Peck, R.C., & Ratz, M. (1985). License extensions for clean-record drivers: A 4-year follow-up. Journal of Safety Research, 16, 149-167.

  280. Kirkham, R.W., & Landauer, A.A. (1985). Sex differences in the distribution of traffic law enforcement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 17, 3, 211-215.

  281. Klitzner, M.D., & Vegega, M.E. (1985). Youth anti-drinking-driving programs: An examination of program assumptions. In 29th Annual Proceedings of the American Association of Automotive Medicine, October 7-9. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

  282. Kobayashi, M., & Chua, C.K. (1989). The Singapore Safety Driving Centre (SSDC): An example of Japan-Singapore technical cooperation in driver training. IATSS Research, 13, 1, 39-49.

  283. Kockelmans, J.J. (Ed.). (1987). The Psycholoqy of Drivinq a Car. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

  284. Koehler, Scot P. and Willis, Frank N. Traffic citations in relation to gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Nov 1, 1994 v24 n21 p1919(8)

  285. Kunreuther, H. (1985). Incentives for improving driving behaviour ex ante/ex post considerations. In L. Evans & R. Schwing (Eds.), Human behaviour and traffic safety. New York: Plenum Press.

  286. Labiale, G. (1988). Survey on driver behavior. In T. Rothengatter & R. Bruin (Eds.), Road user behavior (pp255-259). New York: Gorcum/Mazel.

  287. Labonte, R. (1993). Health promotion and empowerment: Practice frameworks. Issues in Health Promotion Series, Toronto, Ontario: Centre for Health Promotion and Partcipation..

  288. Lamm, R., & Kloeckner, J.H. (1984). Increase of traffic safety by surveillance of speed limits with automatic radar devices on a dangerous section of a German autobahn: A long-term investigation. In Transportation Research Record 974 (pp.8-16). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  289. Larson, L.D., Schnelle, J.F., Kirchner, Jr., R., Carr, A.F., Domash, M., & Risley, T.R. (1980). Reduction of police vehicle accidents through mechanically aided supervision. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 13, 4, 571-581.

  290. Laux, L., and J.W. Brelsford. (1989). Locus of Control, Risk Perception, and Precautionary Behavior. In Proceedings of INTERFACE 89 (pp. 121 - 124). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

  291. Lave, C. & Elias, P. (1994). Did the 65 MPH speed limit save lives? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 26, 1, 49-62.

  292. Lee, D.N., Young, D.S., & McLaughlin, C.M. (1984). A roadside simulation of road crossing for children. Ergonomics, 27, 12, 1271-1281.

  293. Leiss, W. (1990). Traffic safety and the media environment. In J.P. Rothe (Ed.), Challenging the old order: Toward new directions in traffic safety theory (pp. 149-164). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

  294. Lembright, M.F., and Riemer, J.W. Women Truckers' Problems and the Impact of Sponsorship. Work and Occupations: An International Sociological Journal, 1982, 9, 457-74.

  295. Lemke, M. (1984) Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehicle drivers. In J. Cullen & J. Siegrist (Ed.) Breakdown in Human Adaptation to 'Stress': towards a multidisciplinary approach p.409-22 Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

  296. Leonard, S. David and Edward W. Karnes. Perception of Risk in Automobiles: Is it Accurate? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting. 1998. p. 1083- 1087.

  297. Lester, J. (1991). Individual differences in accident liability: A review of the literature. Research Report 306. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire UK.

  298. Leventhal, H., & Cameron, L. (1987). Behavioural theories and the problem of compliance. Patient Education and Counseling, 10, 117-138.

  299. Liberato, C.P., Eriacho, B., Schmiesing, J., & Krump, M. (1989). Safesmart Safety Seat Intervention Project: A successful program for the medically-indigent. Patient Education and Counseling, 13, 161-170.

  300. Limbourg, M., & Gerber, D. (1981). A parent training program for the road safety education of preschool children. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 13, 3, 255-267.

  301. Lobue, Ange (1987). Mayhem on the Freeways. U.S. News & World Report, 103:9, September 28, 1987

  302. Logue, Ange.(1987,Sept28) Mayhem on the freeways U.S World News

  303. Lonero, L.P., & Pierce, J.P. (1981). History and evaluation of seat belt legislation in Ontario. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and the American Association of Automotive Medicine.

  304. Lonero, L.P., & Wilde, G.J.S. (1992). Getting your incentive program off the ground. Occupational Health & Safety Canada, September/October, 62-71.

  305. Lonero, L.P., Clinton, K.M., Brock, J.F., Wilde, G.J.S., Laurie, I., Black, D. (1995a) Novice Driver Education Model Curriculum Outline, AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C.

  306. Lonero, L.P., Clinton, K.M., Wilde, G.J.S., Roach, K., McKnight, A.J., MacLean, H. & Guastello, S.J. (1994). Methods to influence road user behaviour. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Transportation.

  307. Lonero, L.P., Clinton, K.M., Wilde, G.J.S., Roach, K., McKnight, A.J., MacLean, H., Guastello, S.J., & Lamble, R.W. (1994). The Roles of Legislation, Education, Enforcement, and Reinforcement in Changing Road User Behaviour. Toronto. Ontario Ministry of Transportation.

  308. LOTMA (Produced by). (1992). Solving Oahu's traffic mess. [Videotape]. Honolulu, HI: KITV 4 Productions.

  309. Lourens, Peter F. (1990) Theoretical perspectives on error analysis and traffic behavior. Commission of the European Communities Workshop: Errors in the operation of transport systems. Ergonomics 33(10-11) 1251-63.

  310. Lowenstein, L.F. Research into Causes and Manifestations of Aggression in Car Driving, Police Journal, July 97, 70, 263.

  311. Ludwig, T., & Geller, E.S. (1991). Improving the driving practices of pisize="3a delivers: Response generalization and moderating effects of driving history. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 24, 1, 31-44.

  312. Lund, A.K., & Williams, A.F. (1985). A review of the literature evaluating the defensive driving course. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 17, 6, 449-460.

  313. Lund, A.K., Williams, A.F., & Zador, P. (1986). High school driver education: Further evaluation of the Dekalb County study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 4, 349-357.

  314. Luria, A. The Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behavior. New York: Liveright; 1961.

  315. Mackay, M. (1985). Seat belt use under voluntary and mandatory conditions and its effect on casualities. In L. Evans & R. Schwing (Eds.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety, (pp. 189-358). New York: Plenum Press.

  316. MacNeil, I. (Prod). (1963). Part II: The City...Cars or People? [videotape]. Canada: National Film Board.

  317. Malenfant, L., & Van Houten, R. (1987). The effects of nighttime seat belt use enforcement on seat belt use by tavern patrons: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 271-276.

  318. Malenfant, L., & Van Houten, R. (1989). Increasing the percentage of drivers yielding to pedestrians in three Canadian cities with a multifaceted safety program. Health Education Research, 5, 2, 275-279.

  319. Malenfant, L., Van Houten, R., Hall, R.V., & Cahoon, G. (1985). The use of public posting, prompting, and police enforcement procedures to increase driver yielding and pedestrian signalling at marked crosswalks. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 13, 4, 295-302.

  320. Malfetti, J.L. (1986). Traffic Safety Communication Rating Scales (TSCRS) with guidelines for preparing and testing a safety message. Falls Church, VA: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

  321. Malfetti, James L. Young driver attitude scale: The development and field-testing of an instrument to measure young driver risk taking attitudes. New York: Columbia University, 1989.

  322. Mann, R.E., Vingilis, E.R., Gavin, D., Adlaf, E., & Anglin, L. (1991). Sentence severity and the drinking driver: Relationships with traffic safety outcome. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23, 6, 483-491.

  323. Manstead, A.S.R., Parker, D. Stradling, S.G., Reason, J.T., Baxter, J.S. (1992) Perceived consensus in estimates of driving errors and violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Vol. 22. P. 509-530.

  324. Maring, W., & Van Schagen, I. (1990). Age dependence of attitudes and knowledge in cyclists. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 22, 2, 127-136.

  325. Marks, J. (1996, April 22). The American uncivil wars. U.S. News and World Report, pp. 66-72.

  326. Maroney, S., & Dewar, R. (1987). Alternatives to enforcement in modifying the speeding behaviour of drivers. In Transportation Research Record 1111 (pp. 121-126). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  327. Mashaw, J.L., & Harfst, D.L. (1990). The struggle for auto safety. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  328. Mastrofski, S.D, Ritti, R.R., & Hoffmaster, D. (1987). Organizational determinants of police discretion. The case of drinking driving. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 387-402.

  329. Mathews, M.L., & Moran, A.R. (1986). Age differences in male drivers' perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 4, 299-313.

  330. Matthews, G.; Dorn, L.; and Glendon, 1. (1991). Personality correlates of driver stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 12 (6), 535-549.

  331. Mayhew, D.R and Simson, H.M. (1995). The Role of Driving Experience: Implications for the Training and Licensing of New Drivers. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Traffic Injury Research Foundation.

  332. Mayhew, D.R and Simson, H.M. (1997). Effectiveness and Role of Driver Education and Training in a Graduated Licensing System. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Traffic Injury Research Foundation.

  333. McAfee, B.R., & Winn, A.R. (1989). The use of incentives/feedback to enhance work place safety: A critique of the literature. Journal of Safety Research 20, 7-19.

  334. McCormick, J., & Skrabanek, P. (1988). Coronary heart disease is not preventable by population interventions. The Lancet, October 8, 839-842.

  335. McDavid, J.C., Lohrmann, B.A., & Lohrmann, G. (1989). Does motorcycle training reduce accidents? Evidence from a longitudinal quasi-experimental study. Journal of Safety Research, 20, 2, 61-72.

  336. McDonald, P. J. & Wooten, S. A.. (1988). The influence of incompatible responses on the reduction of aggression: An alternative explanation. The Journal of Social Psychology. 128(3), 401-406.

  337. McGuire, F.L. (1976). Personality factors in highway accidents. Human Factors, 18, 433-442.

  338. McGuire, W.J. (1984). Public communication as a strategy for inducing health-promoting behavioural change. Preventive Medicine, 13, 299-319.

  339. McKelvie, Stuart J. (1986). An Opinion Survey and Longitudinal Study of Driver Behavior at Stop Signs. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 1986(Jan), vol. 18(1), 75-85.

  340. McKenna, F. P. (1982). The human factor in driving accidents; and overview of approaches and problems. Ergonomics, 25 (10), 867-877.

  341. McKenna, F.P. What Role Should the Concept of Risk Play in Theories of Accident Involvement?. Ergonomics. 31: 469 - 484, 1988.

  342. McKenna, F.P., Duncan, J., Brown, I.D. Cognitive Abilities and Safety on the Road: A Reexamination of Individual Differences in Dichotic Listening and Search for Embedded Figures. Ergonomics. 29: 649 - 663, 1986.

  343. McKenna, F.P., Stanier, R.A., and Lewis, C. 1991. Factors underlying Illusory Self-Assessment of Driving Skill in Males and Females. Journal of Accident, Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 49-52.

  344. McKinlay, J.B. (1993). The promotion of health through planned sociopolitical change: challenges for research and policy. Social Science Medicine, 36, 2, 109-117.

  345. McKnight, A.J. & Hundt, A.G. (1971). Driver education task analysis: Instructional objectives. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation.

  346. McKnight, A.J. & Voas, R.B. (1991). The effect of license suspension upon DWI recidivism. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 7, 1, 43-54.

  347. McKnight, A.J. (1982). An experimental evaluation of driver license manuals and written tests. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 14, 3, 187-192.

  348. McKnight, A.J. and Adams, B.B. Driver education task analysis. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, 1970-1 (Volumes I, II, III) (Cited in Michon, 1985)

  349. McKnight, A.J., & Klein, T.M. (1990). Relationship of 65-mph limit of speeds and fatal accidents. In Transportation Research Record 1281 (pp. 71-77). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  350. McKnight, A.J., Simone, G.A., & Weidman, J.R. (1982). Elderly driver retraining. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.

  351. McLeroy, K.R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 4, 351-377.

  352. McMurray, L. (1970). Emotional stress and driving performance: The effects of divorce. Behavioral Research in Driving Safety, 1, 100-114.

  353. Meier, S.E., Brigham, T.A., & Handel, G. (1984). Effects of feedback on legally intoxicated drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 6, 528-533.

  354. Meissner Rusize="3uto, & Shashin,Buie( 1987,July) A View of Aggression in Phobic States. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 56 (3) 452-476.

  355. Mercer, G.W. (1985). The relationships among driving while impaired charges, police drinking-driving roadcheck activity, media coverage and alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 17, 6, 467-474.

  356. Michon, J.A. (1981). Traffic education for young pedestrians: An introduction. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 13, 3, 163-167.

  357. Michon, J.A. A critical view of driver behavior models: What do we know, what should we do? In L. Evans and R.C. Schwing (Eds.). Human Behavior and Traffic Safety. New York: Plenum Press; 1985. Pp. 485-520.

  358. Miller, Ted R., Cohen, M., Weirsema, B. Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. Research Report, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 1996.

  359. Miller, Ted R., Spicer, Rebecca S., Levy, David T. How Drunk are the Drivers? Working Paper, National Public Service Research Institute, 1996.

  360. Milton Keynes: Open University Press

  361. Mittelmark, M.B., Jacobs, D.R., Carlaw, R.W., Finnegan, J., Jeffery, R.W., Mullis, R.M., Pechacek, T.F., & Pirie, P.L. (1986). Community-wide prevention of cardiovascular disease: Education strategies of the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Preventive Medicine, 15, 1-17.

  362. Mller, Ted R., Lestina, Diane C., Spicer, Rebecca S. Highway And Crash Costs in the U.S. by Victim Age, Driver Age, Restraint Use, and Blood Alcohol Level. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 40th Annual Proceedings, accepted, 1996b.

  363. Montag., I. and Comrey, A.L. (1987). Internality and externality as correlates of involvement in fatal driving accidents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 339-343.

  364. Moore, D.W., & Adair, V. (1990). Effects of a school-based education programme on safety helmet usage by 11-13 year old cyclists. Educational Psychology, 10, 1, 73-78.

  365. Morgan, Robert (1944). "Dead Dog On the Highway, The Virginia Ouarterly Review, v. 60. p. 235- 236. Spring '61.

  366. Morris, D. (1977). Manwatching: A field guide to human behavior. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers.

  367. Morris, D. (1994). Bodytalk: the meaning of human gestures. New York: Crown Trade Publishers.

  368. Morrow, R. (1989). A school-based program to increase seat belt use. The Journal of Family Practice, 29, 5, 517-520.

  369. Mortimer, R.G. (1982). An evaluation of the Motorcycle Rider Course. In 26th Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, Ottawa, Canada, October 4-6 (pp. 77-96). Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

  370. Mortimer, R.G. (1988). A further evaluation of the motorcycle rider course. Journal of Safety Research, 19, 4, 187-196.

  371. Mortimer, R.G. (1990). Effects of enforcement on the use of seat belts by drivers in selected cities in Illinois (Safety Research Report #90-14). Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Transportation.

  372. Moskowitz, J.M. (1989). The primary prevention of alcohol problems: A critical review of the research literature. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 1, 54-88.

  373. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. "Mothers Against Drunk Driving Executive Summary of 1993 Results," survey conducted by The Gallup Organization, March 1994.

  374. Mourant, R.R., & Donohue, R.J. (1977). Acquisition of indirect vision information by novice, experienced, and mature drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 9, 1, 39-46.

  375. Muelleman, R.L., Mlinek, E.J., & Collicott, P.E. (1992). Motorcycle crash injuries and costs: Effect of a reenacted comprehensive helmet use law. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 21, 3, 266-272.

  376. Murdoch, P.A., & Wilde, G.J.S. (1980). Reward and punishment in driver control. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications.

  377. Muson, H. (1978, March) Teenage Violence and the Telly. Psychology Today, pp 50-54.

  378. Naatanen, R., & Summala, H. (1974). A model for the role of motivational factors in drivers' decision-making. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 6, 243-261.

  379. Naatanen, R., & Summala, H. (1975). A simple method for simulating danger-related aspects of behavior in hazardous activities. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 7, 63-70.

  380. National Center for Juvenile Justice, Howard N. Snyder, Ph.D., "Arrests of Youth 1991," January 1993.

  381. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Highway Traffic Safety Programs: Effectiveness and Impact on Taxes and Health Care," February 1993.

  382. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "The Economic Cost of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 1990," 1992.

  383. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Determine Reasons for Repeat Drinking and Driving. 1996.

  384. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatal Accident Reporting System, July 1996.

  385. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Highway Safety Needs of U.S., Hispanic Communities: Issues and Strategies. September, 1995.

  386. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Center for Statistics & Analysis, Research & Development, August 1995.

  387. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Repeat Offenders in the United States, 1995.

  388. National Research Council (1984). 55: A Decade of Experience. Transportation Research Board Special Report 204, Washington, D.C.

  389. National Safety Council (1993). Accident Facts Chicago. (also 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992).

  390. Nelson, G.D., & Moffit, P.B. (1988). Safety belt promotion: Theory and practice. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 20, 1, 27-38.

  391. Ng, C.H. Impacts of Surveillance Cameras on Safety at Signalized Junctions. Master of Engineering Thesis. Nanyang Technological University, School of Civil and Structural Engineering, 1996.

  392. NHTSA (1994). Research Agenda For An Improved Novice Driver Education Program. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation.

  393. Nichols, J.L. (1990). Treatment versus deterrence. Alcohol Health and Research World, 14, 1, 44-51.

  394. Nimmer, J.G., & Geller, E.S. (1988). Motivating safety belt use at a community hospital: An effective integration of incentive and commitment strategies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 3, 381-394.

  395. No Author. "Americans Itch to Step on the Gas." U.S. News &World Report, May 19, 1987, p. 27.

  396. No Author. "Does Speed Kill", Newsweek, July 21, 1986, pps. 14-17.

  397. No Author. "Rambos of the Road", Newsweek, September 8, 1986, p.8.

  398. No Author. "Time to Raise 55-MPH Speed Limit?" U.S. News & World Report, May 19, 1986, p. 28.

  399. Nohre, Liva, MacKinnon, David P., and Edward K. Sadalla. The Effects of Warning False Alarms on Driving Speed. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting. 1998. p. 1627.

  400. Ntnen, R., and Summala, H., 1976. Road User Behavior and Traffic Accidents, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company

  401. Nye, Lavelle & Associates, The Chronicle of Philanthropy on American Charities, "The Charities Americans Like Most--and Least," Vol. VII, No. 5, Dec. 13, 1994.

  402. OECD (1986). Effectiveness of road safety education programmes. Paris: Road Transport Research.

  403. OECD (1990). Behavioural adaptations to changes in the road transport system. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Road Transport Research.

  404. OECD (1994). Improving road safety by attitude modification. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Road Transport Research.

  405. Oldenberg, D. (1991, March 3). Taking the fast track.Washington Post, sec. B,p. 5.

  406. Oldenburg, 0.. (1993, Mar 3). Taking the fast track. Washington Post, A13.

  407. Olson, P.L. and Rothery, R.W. (1972). Deceleration Levels and Clearance Times Associated with the Amber Phase of Traffic Signals. Traffic Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 4, 16-19.

  408. O'Malley, P.M., & Wagenaar, A.C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 5, 478-491.

  409. O'Neil, B. (1985). Oral discussion of papers by John Adams and Murray MacKay. In L. Evans, & R. C. Sching (Eds.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (pp.278-283). New York: Plenum Press.

  410. Ornstein, M. (1989). AIDS in Canada: Knowledge, behaviour, and attitude of adults. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.

  411. Orsay, Elizabeth M. MD; Doan-Wiggins, Lynnette, MD; Lewis, Richard; Lucke, Viswanathan Rama Krishnan PhD. "The Impaired Driver: Hospital and Police Detection of Alcohol and Other Drugs of Abuse in Motor Vehicle Crashes," printed in "Annals of Emergency Medicine," July 1994.

  412. Ortega, J. (1990). Quelques reflexions sur la delinquance routiere et notamment le cas de l'ivresse au volant. Revue International de Criminologie et de Police Technique, 43, 3, 323-337.

  413. Panek, P.E. and Wagner, E.E. 1986. Hand Test Personality Variables Related to Automotive Moving Violations in Female Drivers. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 2~8-211.

  414. Panel presentation entitled "Auto Manufacturers Technology Panel (Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Chrysler)." 37th Annual Conference of the American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association, Novi, Michigan, August 1-5, 1993.

  415. Parker D; West R; Stradling S; Manstead AS. Behavioural characteristics and involvement in different types of traffic accident. Accid Anal Prev, 1995 Aug; 27 (4): 571-81.

  416. Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., Stradling, S. G., Reason, J.T. & Baxter, J. S.. (1992). Intention to commit driving violations: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 94-101.

  417. Parker, D., Manstead, S.R., Stradling, S.G., & Reason, J.T. (1992) Determinants of intention to commit driving violations. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 24, 2, 117-131.

  418. Parker, Dianne, Reason, James T., Manstead, Antony S. R., Stradling, Stephen G. Driving Errors, Driving Violations and Accident Involvement. Ergonomics. Vol.38, No. 5. 1995 p. 1036-1048.

  419. Parry, M.H., 1968, Aggression on the Road,

  420. Peck, R.C. (1991). The general and specific deterrent effects of DUI sanctions: A review of California's experience. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 7, 1, 13-42.

  421. Peck, R.C., McBride, R.S. and Coppin, R.S. (1971). The distribution and prediction of driver accident frequencies. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2, 243-299.

  422. Perry, A. R.. (1986). Type a behavior pattern and motor vehicle drivers' behavior. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 875-878.

  423. Perry,(1986,June) Cognitive, Social Learning Mediators of Aggression. Child Development 57 (3) 700-711.

  424. Plato, K.C., & Rasp, A. Jr. (1983). Parental views on issues related to traffic safety education and the licensing of teenage drivers. Olympia, Washington: Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

  425. Pokin, C.L., Rudisill, L.C., and Waller, P.F. 1988. Female Drinking and Driving: Recent Trends in North Carolina. Journal of Accident, Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 219-225.

  426. Pokorny, A. D.. (1975). Self destruction and the automobile. In A. R. Roberts (Ed.), Self destructive behavior (pp.123-137). Springfield IL. ;Charles C. Thomas.

  427. Potvin, L., Champagne, F., & Laberge-Nadeau, C. (1988). Mandatory driver training and road safety: the Quebec experience. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1206-1209.

  428. Preston, B. (1980). Child cyclist accidents and cycling proficiency training. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 12, 1, 31-40.

  429. Preusser, D.F. (1987). Delaying teenage licensure. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 4, 3-4, 283-295.

  430. Preusser, D.F., & Blomberg, R.D. (1984). Reducing child pedestrian accidents through public education. Journal of Safety Research, 15, 2, 47-56.

  431. Preusser, D.F., & Lund, A.K. (1988). And keep on looking: A film to reduce pedestrian crashes among 9 to 12 year olds. Journal of Safety Research, 19, 4, 177-185.

  432. Price, R.H., Cowen, E.L., Lorion, R.P., & Ramos-McKay, J. (1989). The search for effective prevention programs: What we learned along the way. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 1, 49-58.

  433. Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., & Norcross, J.C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist, September, 47, 1102-1114.

  434. Public Law 89-563 (1966). National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Washington, DC.

  435. Quadrel, M.J., Fischhoff, B., & Davis, W. (1993). Adolescent (in)vulnerability. American Psychologist, 48, 2, 102-116.

  436. Quenault, S.W. Driver behavior, safe and unsafe drivers. Transportation and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, U.K.: Report Nr. LR 70; 1967. (Cited in Michon, 1985)

  437. Ragbarsson, R. and Bjorgvinssion, T. (1991). Effects of posting on driving speed in Iceland traffic. Journal Of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24 (1),53-58.

  438. Ranney TA. Models of driving behavior: a review of their evolution. Accid Anal Prev, 1994 Dec; 26 (6): 733-50.

  439. Rasmussen, J. (1987). The definition of human error and a taxonomy for technical system design. In J. Rasmussen, K. Duncan & J. Leplat (Eds.), New Technology and Human Error. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

  440. Ray, H.W., Sadof, M., Weaver, J., Brink, J.R., & Stock, J.R. (1980). Safe performance secondary school driver education curriculum demonstration project. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.

  441. Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

  442. Reason, J., Manstead, A.,-Stradling, S., Baxter, J.& Campbell, K.. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads; A real distinction? Ergonomics, 33,1315-1332.

  443. Reason, J., Manstead, A.S.R., Stradling, S.G., Parker, D., Baxter, J.S. (1991) The social and cognitive determinants of aberrant driver behaviour. TRRL Research Report No. 253.

  444. Reinfurt, D.W., Campbell, B.J., Stewart, J.R., & Stutts, J.C. (1990). Evaluating the North Carolina safety belt wearing law. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 22, 3, 197-210.

  445. Reisinger, K.S., Williams, A.F., Wells, J.K., John, C.E., Roberts, T.R., & Podgainy, H.J. (1981). Effect of pediatricians' counseling on infant restraint use. Pediatrics, 67, 2, 201-206.

  446. Renaud, L., & Stolovitch, H. (1988). Simulation gaming: An effective strategy for creating appropriate traffic safety behaviours in five-year-old children. Simulation and Games, 19, 3, 328-345.

  447. Renaud, L., & Suissa, S. (1989). Evaluation of the efficacy of simulation games in traffic safety education of kindergarten children. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 3, 307-309.

  448. Reyes, Donna, "Traffic! It's enough to drive anyone nuts", Honolulu Star Bulletin. Bl. S 06/22/8l.

  449. Robbins, S. P. (1996). Organizational behavior:Concepts, Controversies, Applications. (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Simon & Schuster.

  450. Roberts, M.C., & Broadbent, M.H. (1989). Increasing preschooler's use of car safety devices: An effective program for day care staff. CHC, 18, 3, 157-162.

  451. Roberts, M.C., & Layfield, D.A. (1987). Promoting child passenger safety: A comparison of two positive methods. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, pp. 257-271.

  452. Roberts, M.C., & Turner, D.S. (1984). Preventing death and injury in childhood: A synthesis of child safety seat efforts. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 2, 181-193.

  453. Roberts, M.C., & Turner, D.S. (1986). Rewarding parents for their children's use of safety seats. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 1, 25-35.

  454. Roberts, M.C., Alexander, K., & Knapp, L.G. (1990). Motivating children to use safety belts: A program combining rewards and ìFlash for Life.î Journal of Community Psychology 18, April, 110-118.

  455. Roberts, M.C., Fanurik, D., & Wilson, D.R. (1988). A community program to reward children's use of seat belts. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 3, 395-407.

  456. Robertson, L.S. (1980). Crash involvement of teenaged drivers when driver education is eliminated from high school. American Journal of Public Health, 70, 599-603.

  457. Robertson, L.S. (1983). Injury epidemiology and the reduction of harm. In D. Mechanic (Ed.), Handbook of health, health care and the health professions (pp. 220-239). New York: The Free Press.

  458. Robertson, L.S. (1984). Insurance incentives and seat belt use. American Journal of Public Health, 74, 10, 1157-1158.

  459. Robinson, F., Ross, J., & White, F. (1985). Curriculum development for effective instruction. Toronto, Ontario: OISE Press.

  460. Rogers, E.M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations. New York: The Free Press.

  461. Rogers, John, "Trucker wounded in Freeway Shooting", Associated Press release. Honolulu Star Bulletin. Bl, S 06/22/87.

  462. Rogers, R.W., Rogers, J.S., Bailey, J.S., Runkle, W., & Moore, B. (1988). Promoting safety belt use among state employees: The effects of prompting and a stimulus-control intervention. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 21, 3, 263-269.

  463. Rolls, G.W., & Ingham, R. (1993). The persectives of young car drivers. In G.B. Grayson (Ed.), Behavioural research in road safety III, Proceedings of a seminar at the University of Kent, 22-23 September, 1992 (pp. 11-18). Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport Research Laboratory.

  464. Ross, H.L. (1985). Deterring drunken driving: An analysis of current efforts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement 10, 122-128.

  465. Ross, H.L. (1987). Prevention of alcohol-related injuries through law enforcement and legislation. Public Health Reports, 102, 6, 623-625.

  466. Ross, H.L. (1991a). License deprivation as a drunk-driver sanction. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 7, 1, 63-68.

  467. Ross, H.L. (1991b). Punishment as a factor in preventing alcohol-related accidents. In Proceedings of the International Symposium ìAlcohol-related accidents and injuries,î Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland, December 2-5 (pp. 1-16).

  468. Rothe, J.P. (1986). British Columbia secondary students: Lifestyle and driving survey. North Vancouver, Canada: Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.

  469. Rothe, J.P., & Cooper, P.J. (1988). Never say always: Perspectives on safety belt use. North Vancouver, Canada: Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.

  470. Rothengatter, T. (1982). The effects of police surveillance and law enforcement on driver behaviour. Current Psychological Reviews, 2, 349-358.

  471. Rothengatter, T. (1984). A behavioural approach to improving traffic behaviour in young children. Ergonomics, 27, 2, 147-160.

  472. Rothengatter, T. (1988). Risk and the absence of pleasure: A motivational approach to modelling road user behaviour. Ergonomics, 31, 4, 599-607.

  473. Rothengatter, T. (1991). Automatic policing and information systems for increasing traffic law compliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 1, 85-87.

  474. Rothengatter, Talib. Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application: 1st Edition.

  475. Rudd, J.R., & Geller, E.S. (1985). A university-based incentive program to increase safety belt use: Toward cost-effective institutionalization. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 18, 3, 215-226.

  476. Rumar K. The basic driver error: late detection. Ergonomics, 1990 Oct-Nov; 33 (10-11): 1281-90.

  477. Rumar, K. (1985). The role of perceptual and cognitive filters in observed behavior. In L. Evans & R. Sching (Eds.), Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (pp.151-164). New York: Plenum Press.

  478. Russ, N.W., Geller, E.S., Leland, Jr., L.S. (1989). Blood-alcohol level feedback: A failure to deter impaired driving. Psychology of Addictive Behaviour, 2, 3, 124-130.

  479. Safe Driving. Local Style, PRI, 1988. Narrated by Karen Keawehawaii, written by Sean Malraney & Fong Malraney Gonzalez Merging Metamorphosis, Stu G Honolulu Advertiser July 15, 1991 A3

  480. Sali, G.J. (1983). Evaluation of Boise selective traffic enforcement project. In Transportation Research Record 910 (pp. 68-74). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

  481. Sanger, Carol. Girls and the getaway: cars, culture, and the predicament of gendered space. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Dec 1995 144 n2 p705-756

  482. Saunders, S., & Pine, J. (1986). Seat belt education program - A model for public health settings. Health Education Quarterly, 13, 3, 243-247.

  483. Scharff, V.. (1991). Taking the wheel; Women and the coming of the motor age. New York, N.Y. : The Free Press.

  484. Schueler, M.; Onnen, C.; Bielaczek, C. A Fusize="3y-System for a Classification of the Driver Behavior and the Driving Situation. pp. 693-698. Symposium; 8th -- 1997 Jun : Chania; Greece. Transportation systems. VOL 2: Elsevier; 1997. ED: Papageorgiou, M.; Pouliezos, A..

  485. Schulz, Wolgang. Traffic Management Improvement by Integrating Modern Communication Systems. Ieee Communications Magazine. Oct. 1, 1996, v34, n10 p56.

  486. Schuster, D.H. (1978). Cognitive accident-avoidance training for beginning drivers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 3, 377-379.

  487. Schuster, D.H. (1978). Cognitive accident-avoidance training for beginning drivers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 3, 377-379.

  488. Seekins, T., Fawcett, S.B., Cohen, S.H., Elder, J.P., Jason, L.A., Schnelle, J.F., & Winett, R.A. (1988). Experimental evaluation of public policy: The case of state legislation for child passenger safety. Journal of Applied Behavioural Analysis, 21, 3, 233-243.

  489. Seeman, J. (1989). Toward a model of positive health. American Psychologist, 44, 8, 1099-1109.

  490. Select Committee on Highway Safety (1977). Final Report. Toronto: Government of Ontario, September, Exhibit III-2.

  491. Selzer, M.L., Rogers, J.E., and Kern, S., 1968: "Fatal Accidents: The Role of Psychopathology, Social Stress, and Acute Disturbance," American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1028-1036

  492. Sheffi, Y. And Mahmassani, H. (1981