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Welcome to DrDriving.org
Kailua,
Hawaii
About
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DrDriving Letters and Answers
My
Congressional Testimony on Aggressive Driving Newspaper
Stories on Aggressive Driving Quoting Leon
James Online
Discussions of Controversial Driving Issues Collection of
Road Rage News Stories Around the World
Site Map || Search this
Site || About Road Rage News
Stories in the News from Google (2007) Cars, Drivers,
Passengers | and | Relationships, Marriage,
Romance Cats in the
News, Pet Psychology, Human Catheads, More...
Nearly 42,000
people die every year from
traffic crashes, sending four million more to
emergency rooms and hospitalizing 400,000, half
with permanent disabilities. On-the-job traffic
crashes cause 3000 deaths, 332,000 injuries and
cost employers over $43 billion, according to the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) and can reduce employee productivity
by 40 percent. In addition to the
emotional toll, on-the-job traffic
crashes annually cost employers about
$3.5 billion in property damage, $7.9 million in
medical care and emergency service taxes, $17.5
billion for wage premiums, $4.9 billion for
workplace disruption (to hire and train either new
employees or temporary employees) and $8.5 billion
in disability and life insurance costs.
Driving psychology in a lifelong driver education program tied to licensing and renewal, is the answer that will save most of this national and personal disaster. The articles below outline this solution. 400 billion aggressive exchanges per year in the U.S.Here is the way we figure it: 125 million (drivers on the road daily) X 1,000 (mini-exchanges between drivers during two commutes per day) X .01 (1 percent proportion of hostile or stressed exchanges) X 365 (days per year) = about 400 billion stressful or aggressive exchanges per year in the U.S. Sidewalk Rage || The Psychology Hypermiling || The Merging Debate || The Emotional Use of the Gas Pedal || Articles by Leon James || Definition of Road Rage || Territoriality: What the Car Says About You || The Great Rubbernecking Debate || Tips for Truckers from DrDriving -- How to Deal With Anger || DrDriving's Bookstore || |
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"Enforcement is
important, Mr. Chairman, but we really need to
study the causes behind road rage, and I'm looking
forward to hearing from our witnesses this morning
on ways in which we can identify and respond to
the triggers which lead to aggressive driving.
Perhaps we can incorporate some of these ideas
when we move to reauthorize ISTEA." "This committee
has been fighting and will continue to fight to
provide adequate funding so we can relieve
congestion, and that certainly will have a very
significant impact on reducing the aggressive
driving that we're experiencing in this country." "This committee
does not have the capacity to change the emotions
and the aggressive feelings of people out on the
highway, but we do have a responsibility and the
jurisdiction to try to change the environment
which causes that aggression, and that environment
is caused largely by congestion." "In 15 years, I've
identified many detailed psychological
components
of aggressive driving and have developed an
empirically-based theory of what causes aggressive
driving and what behavioral
techniques can be used to measure and
control it.
My research has
confirmed to some degree nearly every driver has feelings
of rage and thoughts of retaliation. For the
past year, the media has increased coverage of
road rage incidents, and people are asking
questions for which scientific data are not yet
available. Is aggressive driving increasing? Are
there differences or is it a universal epidemic?
What causes the increase in aggressive driving and
how
can it be controlled?
I think what's on
the increase is the amount of habitual road rage
we see today. I define habitual road rage as a
persistent state of hostility behind the wheel,
demonstrated by acts of aggression and a continuum
of violence, and justified
by righteous indignation.
Driving and habitual
road rage have become virtually inseparable.
Road rage is a habit acquired in
childhood. Children are reared in a car
culture that condones irate expression as part of
the normal wear and tear of driving. Once they
enter a car, children notice that all the sudden
the rules have changed. It's okay to be mad, very
upset, out of control, and use bad language that's
ordinarily not allowed.
By the time they
get their driver's license, adolescents have
assimilated years of road rage. The road rage
habit can be unlearned, but it takes more
than conventional driver's ed."
"the definitive book on the aggressive driving epidemic." To read excerpts || To order from Amazon.com"With strong documentation and easy-to-follow steps, Dr. James and Dr. Nahl show us how to adopt a more gently paced way to stop racing against time and people to get someplace and truly enjoy getting there. They show us how being a better driver helps us lead a better, happier, healthier life." Paul Pearsall, Ph.D. Author of The Pleasure Prescription and Toxic Success: How to Stop Striving and Start Thriving |
Children's Books at
Amazon.com || Songs About Cars
|| Asess Your Road Rage Tendency
||
Articles on this Site Free for your use
1. · My Congressional Testimony on the Psychology of Road Rage and Aggressive Driving
2. · Our Road Rage and Aggressive Driving Book -- Excerpts and Index
4. · A New Paradigm for a Global Lifelong Driver Education Curriculum
5.
· Two concept Papers: Instituting a
Program of Lifelong Traffic Safety Training
and Promoting
the Spread of Quality Driving Circles (QDC) for
Post-Licensing Driver Self-improvement Programs
6. · Lifelong Driver's Education: A New Socio-Behavioral Proposal
7. · Driving Psychology Principles
8. · Aggressive Driving is Emotionally Impaired Driving
10. · Driver Personality Survey Results: Driving With Emotional Intelligence
11. · Gender and Driving--Men vs. Women
12. · Driving Personality Makeovers
13. · Musings of a Traffic Psychologist in Traffic--Social Psychology of Driving
14. · Partnership Driving
15. · Philosophy of Driving
16. · Principles of Driving Psychology
17. · Psychology and Driving
18. · Violence and Driving--A Mental Health Issue
19. · QDC--Quality Driving Circles or Support Groups
20. · 3-Step Program for Changing Your Driving Habits
21. · Data On the Private World of the Driver (thoughts and feelings)
22. · What Drivers Complain About Arranged by Feelings, Thoughts, and Acts
23. · Common Aggressive Driving Habits and What To Do About Them
24. · Traffic Emotions Education Cards
25. · DrDriving's Rating of the Strength of Aggressive Driving Language in Legislation
26. · Common Driving Habits and What To Do About Them
27.· Cars, Drivers, Passengers and Relationships, Marriage, Romance
29. · Pedestrian Psychology and Safety
30. · Pedestrian Rage
31. · Bicycling Safety Information -- The War Against Drivers
32. · The Psychology of Air Rage Prevention With Compassionate Crowd Management Techniques
33. · Driving Informatics and Links
34. · Driving Information and Links
35. · Driving Topics and Web Links
36. · Driving Literature References
37. · Largest Collection of Road Rage and Driving Tips on the Web (1996-2007)
38. · 9 Zones of Your Driving Personality
39. · Acts of Kindness while Driving
40. · DBB Ratings--Drivers Behaving Badly Movie Ratings
41. · Distracted Driving: Cell phones, Multitasking
42. · Red Light Running
43. · Collection of Statistics, Facts, Advice, Tips
44. · Analyzing Newsgroups for Drivers--Student Reports
45. · Workshop Charts on Getting a Grip on Anger while Driving
46. · Music and Driving
47. · For Law Enforcement and Safety Officials: Aggressive Driving Questions and Answers
48. · Chart of Your Driving Personality
49. · Principles of Christian Driving Psychology
50. · Road Rage Overview
51. · Driver Personality Test
52. · Driving Vignettes
53. · Driving Cartoons
54. · DrDriving's Advice for Managing Your Own Road Rage
55. · Hawaii Road Rage and Driving Issues
56. · The New Driver Education for the Year 2000
57. · Collection of Road Rage News Stories Around the World
58. · Interview Answers on Road Rage and Other Rages for Various News Sources
59. · The Psychology of Parking Rage: Threestep Program For Prevention
60. · Driver Personality Test and Results
61. · DrDriving's Advice for AAA Members on Managing Your Own Road Rage
62. · Rage-Depression Survey Results for Age
63. · Rage-Depression Survey Results for Gender
64. · Rage-Depression Survey Results for Education
65. · Rage-Depression Survey Results for Age, Gender, Education
66. · Rage-Depression Survey Results: Notebook with Selections and Links
67. · Emotional Reactions to the September 11 Attack
68. · Pets Psychology and Rage-Depression -- Pet Loss Support, Human Catheads, More...
69. · Birds Stories The Social Psychology of a Backyard Aviary
70. ·
Songs About
Driving Cars on Roads and Highways
Teen Drivers |
Elderly Drivers
| Parking Rage |
Truck Drivers
| School Buses |
Emergency Vehicles
| Police and Legislation
| Boat Rage | RoadRageous Video Course
| Distracted Driving
| Bicycling | Motorcyclists and
Aggressiveness || Excerpts About Bicyclists
From Our Book ||
Surf Rage |
Emotional Spin Cycle
| Bookstore |
Road Rage Book
| Road Rage Articles || DrDriving's
Bookstore ||
What Your Car Says
About You
(click to go down to that Section)
Index
to Controversial
Issues Debated
including these topics:
Issues Part 1 -- Right Lane vs. Left Lane Feelings |
Tailgating | Social Responsibility
Issues Part 2 -- Driving the Speed Limit | PSA Radio Spots |
Car Phones | Automatic Pilot | DUI Counseling
Issues Part 3 -- Why I Tailgate | Coned Lane: When to Merge
| Social Responsibility
Issues Part 4 -- Road Rage | Driver Education | Driving
Personality | Stereotypes About Women Drivers
Issues Part 5 -- Merging When Lane is Coned | Continuing
Driver Education
Issues Part 6 -- Good Drivers' Association | Slay Your
Driving Dragon
Issues Part 7 -- What B.A.D. Drivers Do
Issues Part 8 -- Tailgating and Aloha Spirit Driving
Issues Part 14 -- Aggressive Drivers and Road Rage | New
Name "Crashes" vs. "Accidents" |
Issues Part 15 -- Princess Diana: The Road Rage Incident of
the Century: Day 1
Issues Part 26 -- Speed limits | DUI | Crosswalks |Traffic
calming methods | .
Index
to Controversial
Issues Debated || Search this Site
Drivers 'don't regret road
rage'
Nearly two in three drivers
have engaged in road rage in the last three years and nearly
all thought their behaviour was justified, a poll shows.
More than 10% of motorists
even admitted it could be good to be a bit aggressive on the
road.
And nearly 60% of the road
ragers said they had behaved badly after being annoyed by
the poor driving of others, the survey from Zurich Insurance
found.
From: The Press Association
April 4, 2008.
http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5jAI4WQu3eiCA1bHjcqIESg7gHFCA
Best Driver in the World
Blog: http://bestdriver.blogspot.com/
Check out the solutions.
One In Six Have Been Road Rage Victims
4/19/2008
- And nearly 300,000
have had cars damaged in road rage incidents, says
MoneyExpert.com
One in six drivers have been
victims of road rage incidents in the past 12 months, new
research from www.moneyexpert.com
* shows.
More than 7.4 million
motorists have been involved in confrontations with other
drivers with younger drivers the most likely to be on the
receiving end of other road users’ anger, the independent
financial comparison website says.
The survey found that nearly
300,000 drivers had their cars damaged as a result of road
rage confrontations – graphically illustrating the need for
insurance. According to the RAC Foundation some ten per cent
of drivers have been involved in an accident with an
uninsured driver.
Several motor insurers such
as Sainsbury’s Bank, which pays up to £1,000 compensation if
drivers are assaulted, offer cover for road rage as part of
their standard policies while others such as women-only
insurer Sheila’s Wheels provide counselling services.
Sean Gardner of
MoneyExpert.com, said: “Most of us will have lost our
tempers while stuck in traffic and can sympathise with the
sense of frustration felt by other drivers.
“But any sympathy goes out
of the window for drivers who take out their anger on
others. Shouting and swearing at other motorists is bad
enough but damaging other drivers’ cars is beyond the pale.
“Our study did not
thankfully find any evidence of physical assault but that is
perhaps more down to luck than anything else. The fact that
one in six of us has suffered from road rage is worrying.
And of course many of us may be guilty of road rage
ourselves.”
MoneyExpert.com estimates
that around one in twenty fully comprehensive car insurance
policies have a specific allowance for personal injury
caused by road rage. However there are often exceptions and
caveats, such as whether you caused the altercation and
whether you are related to your assailant.
The most common form of road
rage reported by motorists is tailgating – driving too close
to another car – or other forms of aggressive driving.
Around three-quarters of those who have suffered road rage
in the past year were tailgated.
Half of the road rage
incidents reported by motorists resulted in verbal
confrontation while four per cent saw cars being damaged.
Around 16 per cent of
motorists say they have suffered road rage in the past year
– that rises to 19 per cent of 18 to 34-year-old motorists.
Drivers aged 55 or over are least likely to be victims.
Drivers in the North of
England are more likely to be road rage victims with 18 per
cent reporting incidents while just 12 per cent of motorists
in London have been victims.
From: http://www.webitpr.com/release_detail.asp?ReleaseID=8303
What causes aggressive driving? Are men
and women equally aggressive?
By Dr. Leon James
The frustration-aggression theory states that when people believe that they are being prevented from achieving their goal, frustration will mount, causing an increase in the probability of an aggressive response .
However, frustration does not lead to an aggressive act in all situations, but is dependent on the other person’s ability to retaliate.
Aggression intensifies when frustration is unexpected, but weakens when the cause of frustration is perceived as unintentional or legitimate. (e.g., yielding to an EM vehicle’s siren)
Another cause of aggression is the need to reciprocate after being provoked by another person. This leads to retaliation practices. The need to retaliate leads to mental venting, which is a major cause of aggressive emotions and behavior.
Certain hormones, such as testosterone, have even been shown to influence aggression. Since men generally have higher testosterone levels than women, it follows that men are generally more aggressive creatures than women. (e.g., what is called “spouse-abuse” is mostly perpetrated by mean on women)
Social norms and practices allow boys and men to express more aggressive behavior than girls and women. Overt expressions of aggressive driving such as verbal road rage and vehicular pursuit are practiced by men more than by women.
Men are more prone to explosive feelings of road rage and retaliatory fantasies because they practice violent forms of mental venting or ruminating. Boys practice war games with each other and they spend more time with video games and virtual world experiences that are warlike and violent. Girls are more focused on relationship games they enact with each other. How people drive reflects their socialization as children and their social practices as adults. Some women can be more aggressive than the average for men. Some men can be less aggressive than the average for women drivers.
Both men and women are at greater risk on the road because of their practice of ruminating about driving incidents, drivers, roads, traffic, passengers, pedestrians, bicyclists, truck drivers, traffic lights and cameras, etc. These rumination topics prepare people to ruminate more in an endless spiral of escalating ruminations.
People mentally drown in their ruminations about daily traffic.
Avoid rehearsing the thoughts that justify the ruminations.
Argue yourself out of ruminating.
Men and women ruminate about different topics and situations. (research needed)
The antidote to ruminating driving is supportive driving.
Women are more likely to like, to accept, and to practice the style of supportive driving. Men are attracted to such ruminations as:
“You can’t let them get away with this kind of behavior.”
“You have to teach them a lesson.”
“You can’t let them walk all over you. They are a menace. Somebody has got to do something.”
“I can’t just be a wimp. I’m going to show them they can mess with me.”
See related
articles here ||
The Psychology of Sidewalk Rage
2010
Dr. Leon James (“DrDriving”)
Walking is not just getting from one place to another. A pedestrian does not just move through physical space, but at the same time through social space and mental space. Social space maps out normative paths, selecting some physical motion as allowable, and others as not allowable. Walkers suddenly stop as they seem mesmerized by their tiny mobile device. They are violating normative paths allowing themselves to compel nearby pedestrians in both directions to negotiate their way around the physical block.
These walkers are now navigating in mental space as they strive to avoid embarrassing and sometimes painful collisions with each other. Their mental space tends to be in a negative environment filled with dark clouds and screeching owls. Their mental space is now populated with screaming rageful thoughts portraying butchering fantasies. These inner realities break out into physical space where they are portrayed as verbal exclamations of annoyance, derogation and punishment.
Walking around with intolerance and disapproval produces emotional depression and moral corruption. The more negative are my mental spaces as a walker, the more stressful the walk and consequently, the more unhealthy. Although I have seen no evidence of research it is my opinion that the habit of rageful walking has become a major mental health hazard, and consequently, a major hazard on our physical health.
Today more people are expressing a variety of rageful behavior both in public, like road rage and air rage, and in private, like computer rage and office rage. My definition for sidewalk rage is the following:
Sidewalk rage refers to the experience of rageful emotions against other pedestrians who impede our locomotion or act threateningly without showing sufficient awareness of or caring for the other pedestrians.
It’s normal to experience sidewalk rage under certain conditions as when we come up against pedestrians at airports who are walking on the left and disrupting the flow of those who are moving along at a quick pace. See if you can recognize your own experiences in the following sequence of events:
The Effect of
Age, Gender, and Type of Car Driven Across
the States
by Dr. Leon James
(2001)
http://www.drdriving.org/surveys/interpretations.htm
Summary:
The pattern of results thus far lead me to the following
conclusions:
Aggressive driving is made
up of a syndrome
of
habits that stick together
with plenty of individual variation.
Young
drivers are more aggressive in all driving behaviors
than older
drivers; senior drivers are the least aggressive.
Men are more aggressive than women when they drive sports
cars and light
trucks (S-10, Pick-up, Ram, Ranger, F-150, Silverado,
Dakota, etc.); women
are more aggressive than men when they drive SUVs and luxury
cars. For
economy and family cars, it depends on the specific
behavior.
There appear to be three psychological categories of
vehicles people
drive: tough driving cars (sports, light trucks, SUVs), soft
driving cars
(economy, family), and special driving cars (vans, luxury).
Each of these
psychological categories has its own aggressive
driving syndrome that
distinguishes it from the others.
It is evident that aggressive driving is a cultural norm
that is generationally
transmitted
as a habit imbibed in childhood when riding with
parents and reinforced by repeated media
portrayals of drivers
behaving badly. To get us out of this, I propose a program
of Lifelong
Driver Education.
Eastbourne course will help women fight road rage
By Emily-Ann
Elliott 6/6/2008
Women drivers are to be
taught how to use everyday objects to defend themselves
against road rage maniacs. (...)
Publicity material for the
event on June 12 states: "As part of the course, volunteers
from the audience will be invited to take part in role-play
by a personal self-protection specialist and learn how to
beat the bullies behind the wheel and, if diplomacy fails,
how to use everyday objects normally found about one's
person for self-protection and to ensure a rapid escape from
a would-be attacker." (...)
Gail Taylor, marketing
manager of Eastbourne Motoring Centre, said: "Personal
safety and security are imperative for everyone,
particularly women today. "The menace of aggressive,
inconsiderate driving on our roads seems to be increasing at
the moment and we believe that all it takes is a little care
and consideration to avoid situations which can escalate
into the kinds of tragic incidents we have all heard about
recently. "We want women to enjoy their independence and
freedom and be able to travel safely and confidently on our
roads. "We hope that, by highlighting the risks facing women
drivers, the course will provide them with a wealth of
information and practical advice." (...)
From: http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/generalnews/display.var.2321526.0.eastbourne_course_will_
help_women_fight_road_rage.php
See also: Gender and Driving--Men vs. Women
Driving literacy
facts that every driver needs to know!
by Dr. Leon James
World wide, about 1.5 million people are killed in road
accidents every year -- that's 15 million killed on the
roads every decade. Road accident research has pointed
towards driver error in the majority of cases. In the U.S.
about 42,000 traffic fatalities occur every year and about
1.5 million injuries annually at a total cost of 200 billion
dollars -- that means in every decade we kill 420,000
Americans on the roads, injure 15 million Americans on the
road, and pay a whopping two trillion dollar cost in
repairs, injuries, insurance, and economic loss. Our
foreign oil dependence and domestic shortage would be solved
if we stopped using the gas pedal emotionally in traffic
every day.
Almost all of "driver error"
can be traced to insufficient emotional intelligence
training behind the wheel. All drivers can train themselves
to acquire emotional intelligence behind the wheel. We have
proposed that driver education start early in elementary
school when we can train young people to acquire respect and
compassion for others in public places -- pedestrians,
drivers, passengers, road workers, law enforcement. We
describe a threestep method for driver personality
makeovers. Every individual is raised to be an aggressive
driver and pedestrian through years of training on the back
seat of the car driven by parents and other adults -- road
rage nursery! Add up the years of daily television watching
and video gaming involving drivers behaving aggressively,
dangerously, and violently. By the time we start driving we
automatically drive aggressively, have competitive feelings
and intentions behind the wheel.
The threestep
self-modification approach can provide adult drivers with a
new supportive driver personality style, to replace the
aggressive driving feelings, emotions, intentions,
judgments, condemnations, and acts of risk and folly that
all of us experience and tolerate on a daily basis. Driving
is the most dangerous thing we do on a regular basis, and it
has the highest cost as well. We can change that.
Useful statistics
on car crashes and injuries
may also be found on these Web sites:
www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov
www.safecarguide.com/exp/statistics/statistics.htm
www.car-accidents.com/pages/stats.html
www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_771_Pa3568.pdf
Best solution for traffic woes? Eliminating the drivers
By Emily Mulhausen -
Columbia News Service | Saturday, May 17, 2008
(...) The best way to
eliminate congestion, some experts say, is to take the
driver out of the driver's seat. "We wouldn't have to deal
with people behind the wheel," said Dr. Jerry Schneider, a
University of Washington professor emeritus of urban
planning and civil engineering. "It would be a totally
hands-off, brain-off experience."
Driverless design concepts
include Personal Rapid Transit, which involves passenger
taxi-pods on rails; automatic highway systems that direct
driverless cars using magnetic guidelines; and dual-mode
systems with cars that can be driven normally on smaller
roads and for shorter distances, but could go driverless on
specialized electric rails, or "guideways," for high-speed
controlled travel.
"In the morning you would
drop the kids off at school, drive to the guideway, sit
back, read the paper, and automatically get off where you
want to go," said Kirston Henderson, the president and
inventor of MegaRail Transportation Systems, a dual-mode
company based in Texas. (...)
Indeed, increased efficiency
from higher speeds, standardized spacing between cars and
driverless driving could dramatically increase road
capacities. A normal highway lane can carry about 2,000 cars
an hour, Schneider said, while a dual-mode "lane" could
handle 15,000 or more. Traffic congestion is a "$78 billion
annual drain on the U.S. economy in the form of 4.2 billion
lost hours and 2.9 billion gallons of wasted fuel," says the
Texas Transportation Institute in its 2007 Urban Mobility
Report, with the average rush hour commuter losing $710 a
year while stuck in traffic. (...)
But solutions that focus on
the physical aspects of traffic may be overlooking the real
problem.
"Congestion is often not caused by the road, but by the way
drivers are driving," said Dr.
Leon James, a psychology professor at the University
of Hawaii and a pioneer in the small field of traffic
psychology. When one driver in traffic makes a mistake,
tailgates, or changes lanes unnecessarily, hundreds of cars
may have to suddenly put on the brakes.
"We call it a
traffic wave," he said. "Everything suddenly slows to
a crawl, but there's no obstruction."
That, in turn, has a psychological effect. "Congestion
makes you feel frustrated and panicky," said James,
who recommends a program of lifelong driver's education to
help deal with the cognitive problems caused by driving. "Many
people are driving around in a constant seething rage."
(...)
From: http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2008/05/19/lifeandtimes/z3911e14ab4f1274b8825744a005df393.txt
See also a Web
site on traffic waves.
Watch a a brief YouTube video called Shockwave
traffic jams recreated for first time
Site Map
||
Search this Site || DrDriving's
Bookstore ||
Moffat: Violent Heart:
Understanding Aggressive Individuals
Traffic accidents lead to
approximately 40,000 deaths per year in the US. The world
toll in 1999 was 1 million deaths and 40 million injuries In
2020, the worldwide death toll from traffic accidents is
expected to rise to about 2.3 million Road accidents are the
leading cause of death for males 15-44. Pedestrians and
cyclists accounted for 19.3% of all traffic fatalities in
the US and 13 Western European nations in 1992. of all
crashes: 85% are attributed to road user error
Directory of Topics in
Driving Informatics with Web Links Definition of Aggressive
Driving and Road Rage Children's Books at
Amazon.com || Songs About Cars
Brief Summary of How Driving
Psychology Explains
What is Aggressive
Driving
Aggressive Driving is a
philosophy (P), an attitude
(A), and a weakness (W).
You can remember this as AD = PAW.
Aggressive
driving as a philosophy
Road regulations and
civility do not apply to me some of the time.
Aggressive
driving as an attitude
Driving is a competition
for who gets through first. I am more entitled than others
-- me first. I can't be a wimp and let other motorists
take advantage of me.
Aggressive
driving
as a weakness
Aggressive driving is an
emotional weakness or a lowered
ability to cope with routine everyday exchanges with
other motorists. It is a lack or insufficiency of emotional
intelligence. It involves mental
venting to oneself behind the wheel, and social venting
to one's co-workers, friends, or any stranger who will
listen.
The PAW syndrome of
aggressive driving is part of the culture
of disrespect on highways. It is a world wide
phenomenon present in epidemic proportions
in every country studied so far. It is a generationally
transmitted
socialization habit and therefore is going to
increase and get worse with every subsequent generation --
unless we stop it through lifelong
driver education programs and quality
driving circles for driver self-improvement
activities tied to license renewal.
DDC 4, 5th edition includes two new 10-minute video sessions:
“Chain of Choices” looks at the choices
that each driver makes every day. Proper following distance,
common courtesy road rage, driver distractions are covered
along insight
from Dr William Glasser and Dr. Leon James on why people
choose the driving behaviors they do. View a short-clip from “Chain of Choices”
What is
Speeding? From National Public Radio --
Listen
to this program now online
Talk
of the Nation, June 7, 2007
· Most states are tough on drunk drivers, but it is actually
speeders who cause the most deadly car crashes. Yet, even
when they are caught, many speeders get off easy. Guests
discuss the psychology behind our desire to speed and why we
think nothing of going above the limit. Leon James,
professor of psychology, University of Hawaii; co-author,
Road Rage and Aggressive Driving
Judith Stone, president,
Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety
Richard Retting, senior transportation
engineer, Insurance Institute of Highway Safety
From Wisconsin
Public Radio two programs on drivers and roads:
KHON Channel 2 FOX Television
Honolulu. Interview on the evening news with
Tina Shelton regarding the psychology of speeding vs.
breaking the speed limit. June 28, 2007. See
the video segment here.
How "real" is road rage?
Read a few news stories on road rage around the world from
DrDriving's Collection
Road Rage News Stories || Dr. Leon James in the
News
Road
Construction Rage -- see
news stories here.
What is Aggressive Driving? News clip for
Medics and FORSCOM military bases.
WHYY Radio PA Voices In The
Family 12/22/08 Traffic Psychology
It's Monday morning on the
Schuylkill expressway, and it is a very loud, frustrating
parking lot. And you... well you are speaking in a language
of expletives you never would say outside the comfort of
your car. This behavior has become acceptable, but most of
us wouldn't dare act this way otherwise. Or would we? On the
next Voices in the Family, Dr. Dan Gottlieb talks
with the author of Traffic, Tom Vanderbilt about why
we drive the way we do and what it says about us. Dr. Dan
will also speak with Professor of Psychology at the
University of Hawaii, Dr. Leon James, who specializes in
traffic psychology. Hear Voices in the Family Mondays at
noon, with a repeat broadcast Sunday at 6 a.m.
The
Psychology of Vanity Plates
Dr. Leon James
Professor of Psychology
University of Hawaii
2011
Also called “personalized plates” or “personal plates”. I see it as people’s attempt to fight the anonymity of the daily driving experience on roads and highways, and thus to try to re-humanize the driving environment that has evolved into something stressful and unhealthy, competitive and risky, frustrating, and anonymous. Personalized plates extend the current exploding mobile social networking movement and can be expected to increase and become more important in the immediate future of motorists, passengers, and pedestrians.
Several issues are involved in this cultural practice:
1. Content
2. Appropriateness
3. Cultural Meaning
4. Psychological Meaning
1. Content
a. it is a reference to a personal relationship (person, group, or place) that may be unintelligible to outsiders (solidarity, friendship, or opposite—insult, hate)
b. it uses a generally recognizable word or name to express support for it (social cause, political principle, place or location, company ad, etc.)
c. it commemorates along with some others a conference or event that ties them together
d. it presents a hidden message that others can decipher and appreciate (self-disclosure, wise advice, etc.)
2. Appropriateness
States filter license plate applications, rejecting or banning sexually explicit or religious and racial slurs.
3. Cultural Meaning
a. it is an act of self-expression through content and style of the vanity plate
b. it is equivalent to a “speech act” or act of declaring something publicly about oneself
c. (i) it is expressing and sharing humor (“It’s fun…” or “Let’s laugh together”, etc.), or expressing user generated semiotic ambiguity while driving (“See what I have for you today…”, “I can be charming and original…”, etc.)
(ii) it is promoting a particular variety of socio-political activism (“I support this…” or “I am against this…” etc.)
4. Psychological Meaning
a. willingness to pay more for the plates (indicating engagement and strong motivation)
b. mark of distinction through its uniqueness and inventiveness, either positive (“I am clever…”, “I can amaze you…”, etc.) or negative (mean attacks, intention to hurt)
Background Reading
Vanity Plates: Contest Entries and Awards
http://www-chaos.umd.edu/misc/
Vanity plate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_plate
How do you handle it?
email DrDriving@DrDriving.org
Here are some of the things people say.....
From: http://www.virginiadot.org/VTRC/main/online_reports/pdf/05-r6.pdf
EVALUATION OF THE LATE
MERGE WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGY
Several alternative lane
merge strategies have been proposed in recent years to
process
vehicles through work zone
lane closures more safely and efficiently. Among these is
the late
merge. With the late merge,
drivers are instructed to use all lanes to the merge point
and then
take turns proceeding
through the work zone. Its efficiency has been tested on
only a limited
basis. The purpose of this
project was to determine when, if at all, deployment of the
late merge
was beneficial.
The late merge concept was
evaluated by comparing it to the traditional merge using
computer simulations and
field evaluations. Computer simulations included analysis of
2-to-1,
3-to-1, and 3-to-2 lane
closure configurations to determine its impact on throughput
and the
impact of factors such as
free flow speed, demand volume, and percentage of heavy
vehicles.
Field tests were limited to
2-to-1 lane closures, as recommended by state transportation
officials,
and examined the impact of
treatment type on vehicle throughput, percentage of vehicles
in the
closed lane, and time in
queue.
Results of the computer
simulations showed the late merge produced a statistically
significant increase in
throughput volume for only the 3-to-1-lane closure
configuration and was
beneficial across all
factors for this type of closure. For the 2-to-1 and 3-to-2
lane closure
configurations, the late
merge increased throughput when the percentage of heavy
vehicles was
large.
Field tests showed similar
trends with regard to throughput. Although throughput
increased, the increase was
not statistically significant because of the limited number
of heavy
vehicles at the site. More
drivers were in the closed lane, indicating a response to
the late merge
signs. Time in queue was
also reduced, although the reductions were not statistically
significant.
The authors conclude that
the late merge should be considered for 3-to-1 lane closure
configurations but not until
a sound methodology for deployment has been developed and
tested
in the field. For the 2-to-1
and 3-to-2 configurations, the late merge should be
implemented only
when the percentage of heavy
vehicles is at least 20 percent.
From: http://www.virginiadot.org/VTRC/main/online_reports/pdf/05-r6.pdf
Evaluation of 2004 Dynamic
Late Merge System (DLMS)
for the Minnesota
Department of Transportation
From: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/workzone/2004DLMS-Evaluation.pdf
The DLMS is designed to
utilize the best aspects of the Early and Late Merge
strategies. Through the use of technology, this DLMS traffic
control strategy can dynamically change its lane use
instructions based on the current traffic demands. This
alters the traffic control theory from an early merge
strategy under light traffic demand to a late merge strategy
during periods of congestion. The motivation for this
approach stems from a desire to make the roadways safer and
eliminate conditions where motorists typically exhibit
conflicting driver behaviors. (...)
Shorten Queue Lengths before
Work Zone:
By encouraging the use of
both lanes in congested conditions, the length of a forming
queue should be greatly reduced under the Dynamic Late Merge
System. If all drivers follow the posted instructions, the
queue length could be reduced by half, ensuring that no
vehicles would encounter the back of a queue before first
seeing the construction advanced warning sign.
Increase Traffic Capacity
through Work Zone:
Based on experiences from
previous studies, it is hoped that having a single merging
point at a defined location will increase the number of cars
through the work zone. Reduce Aggressive Driving: If no
other benefits are achieved, reducing the stress level for
drivers at the work zone could be beneficial enough to
warrant the use of the Dynamic Late Merge System. Recent
years have seen an escalation in the number of road rage
incidents and aggressive driving behaviors around work
zones. Impatient and antagonistic drivers have blocked other
vehicles from passing or have driven around queues on the
roadway shoulders or medians. Eliminating the causes of
these outbursts could stabilize the behaviors of already
frustrated drivers. (...)
The messages posted at the
three CMS locations were the same as those of the US10
deployment during the summer of 2003: furthest from the
taper “STOPPED TRAFFIC AHEAD” – “USE BOTH LANES,” next “USE
BOTH LANES” (...)
The
typically observed behavior when drivers encounter the
advanced warning signs of a construction zone lane closure
is for drivers to move out of the closed (discontinuous)
lane to the lane continuing through the construction zone.
Some drivers have even been observed to brake radically in
order to join the end of a queue forming in the continuous
lane after seeing the first static advanced-warning sign.
These early merging behaviors result in a long single lane
queue; a scenario with many dangerous driving conditions.
(...) The two advanced warning CMS farthest from the taper
alert drivers to the stopped traffic ahead and instruct them
to continue using both lanes.
Debating
the Issue
From: http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?p=14656717
Quote: The usual signs are there for advance warning
of lane closure so get over as soon as you can.
No they are not. They are
there so you know which lane is closed and know which way
you have to merge and how far.
Quote: The signs you link
too are irrelevant to this topic
They are 100% relevant as it
is people doing as those signs advise doing what the OP was
complaining about.
Quote: They are 100%
relevant as it is people doing as those signs advise doing
what the OP was complaining about.
It is also obvious that
using all the road space available and letting everyone
merge smoothly at the merge point is more efficient and
reduces the length of the queue.
For your information the
sequence of traffic management signs at those works were as
follows:
"WHEN QUEUING USE BOTH
LANES"
Diagram 7072 "800 yds"
"WHEN QUEUING USE BOTH LANES"
7072 "600 yds"
7072 "400 yds"
"MERGE IN TURN"
7072 "200 yds"
So it's fairly obvious from
those signs that what they expect people to do when there is
heavy traffic is to use both lanes up to the point just
before the 200 yds sign where they are told to merge in
turn. Do you think those sign would be there if they wanted
people to merge at the 800 yds sign?
Quote: What's the point of
merging at 800 yds when there is still 800 yds of road ahead
of you? It sounds like common sense to me. It gets more
traffic through.
So everyone is at fault then
really, moving across too soon causes the arrogant drivers
to become impatient, and steam along the almost empty lane
at 70mph to overtake a few people.
Quote: No, only the
idiots who move across too soon causing stop-start traffic
three times longer than necessary are at fault.
Quote: I never drive
down the hard shoulder to jump ahead in a queue, since it's
illegal. But at impending roadworks, I will happily admit
that I drive down the outside lane and merge further up.
There is nothing illegal about it. I do not do it
aggressively, nor do I brag about it. I simply put my
indicator on and wait for someone to let me in - since
someone always will. Or I move into a big enough gap if
there is one. I fail to see the point in queueing for
something, when it's perfectly legal to do what I just
described. As someone already said, people are too English
about it!
I get annoyed when there are
roadworks with a sign indicating that a lane is closing so
many yards up the road. The traffic flow is slowed right
down by some berk 400 yards from the cones trying to cut in
20 cars from the roadworks, only because he/she is scared to
upset someone. Damn drive to were the road actually closes
then merge in turn.....some roadworks even put signs up
telling you to do so! Then you get the big lorry in the
closing lane picking a car next to it and matching its
speed......allowing 400 yards plus of empty road ahead of
it, jeez. Should be a fixed penalty fine for NOT merging in
turn and using the whole road in roadworks/lane closure
situations. At least the govt should make it clear/official
that its an offence or add it to the highway code
I AM ONE OF THEM. I AM A
BAD MERGER.
From: http://www.reetsyburger.com/2007/10/lets-go-all-wayto-merge-point.html
I have aggressively straddled two lanes with my car in order
to block late merges in construction zones. I get pissed
when people fly by me in the other lane AFTER I've already
merged.
I have shook my fist fiercely at people who refuse to merge
with everyone else a 1/2 mile before the merge zone....those
a*&holes!!!
LO AND BEHOLD. I was WRONG. And some people I met from
California and Pennsylvania were laughing at me as they
tried to explain that people in Minnesota and Wisconsin
simply don't know how to merge. They blamed it on Minnesota
nice....We see a sign that says the lane is going to
end, and we move over immediately cuz it's the polite thing
to do. RIGHT?
WRONG. I am changing my ways, henceforth, even though I know
the early mergers are going to get pissed.
From the Minnesota Department of Transportation
"ST. PAUL, Minn. — Fifteen percent of drivers admitted to
straddling lanes in order to block late merges in
construction zones, according to a recent study conducted by
the Minnesota Department of Transportation.
To address the more than 2,700 crashes and 18 fatalities
occurring in highway construction zones last year, Mn/DOT
commissioned a study to better understand the behaviors and
attitudes that trigger driving decisions in merging
situations as drivers enter a work zone.
'Our goal is to increase safety in work zones by reducing
the confusion and frustration drivers often experience when
merging,' said William Servatius, Mn/DOT's Office of
Construction. 'Many times crashes occur due to aggressive
driving, abrupt lane changes or sudden stops, so we want to
help drivers make good choices while traveling through our
work zones.'
In an attempt to minimize the problems discovered in the
research, Mn/DOT also conducted a month-long field study on
Highway 10 in Anoka to assess a new Dynamic Late Merge
System, a traffic control strategy to improve merging at
lane closures.
'The fully automated system using remote traffic microwave
sensors and a Doppler radar provides instructions to drivers
via changeable message signs on when to merge and how to
merge according to the current state of traffic,' said Craig
Mittelstadt, Mn/DOT's workzone safety specialist. 'For
example, if traffic is heavy, the system will instruct
motorists to use both lanes and take turns once they've
reached the defined merge point just before the lane
closure.'
This strategy often referred to as the 'zipper' improves
traffic flow, reduces conflicts and hopefully will decrease
the number of crashes when traffic demand exceeds the
capacity of a single lane closure.
'Basically, we want drivers to know that under normal
traffic speeds, they should try to merge early to avoid
unsafe merging maneuvers; however, when traffic is
congested, drivers should use both lanes all the way to the
definite merge point,' said Servatius.
'We can't completely rid the
roads from congestion in a workzone, but data from the study
revealed this method shortened queue lengths by 35 percent
and reduced lane changing conflicts,' said Mittelstadt. 'We
also hope for a decline in crashes and aggressive driving
behavior.'
Minnesota is one of the first states to use the Dynamic Late
Merge System and plans are to continue this research in the
upcoming construction season.
'People have been trying for years to research the proper
way to merge, but there are so many factors to consider,'
said Servatius. 'It's difficult to say what's the right
way - instead we're looking for the best way.'
Here is what looks to me
a sensible solution (says Dr. Leon James).
It is electronic signage
dynamically adjusted to the flow of traffic. From ADDCO
Smart Traffic Solutions (TM) at http://www.cotrip.org/its/ITS%20Guidelines%20Web%20New%20Format%202-05/Web%20Solutions%20Packages/ITS%20Solution%20Packages%20-%20Web%20Copy/Work%20Zone%20Safety/SMART%20Lane%20Merge.pdf
Please read their description of Dynamic Message Signs and
how they work.
From: http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/welcome_to_the_morning_joust.html
Can't we all just merge?
The raging battle of I-690
by Hart Seely
(...) Still, at some point,
everybody has to merge. The state seeks to get it done early
on, far before the point of bottleneck. And as drivers on
the left are passing, scorning many chances to slide into
the traffic and instead going all the way to the front,
their counterparts on the right are boiling over. They were
there first. "Basically, what they're thinking is, it's
wrong to pass me. It's unfair," said Dr. Leon James,
co-author of the 2000 book "Road Rage and Aggressive
Driving." "They are reacting emotionally when they see a car
passing by. They sit there and rehearse in their minds all
the ways that they are being treated unfairly by these rude
drivers. The more their line slows down, the more the idea
is reinforced."
Our Road Warrior Ride
shotgun with reporter Hart Seely and experience the
heartache and adrenaline rush as driver is pitted against
driver and three lanes are forced to become one. Click below
to watch the video.
Watch the video here
http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/06/welcome_to_the_morning_joust.html
(This is an excellent
example of self-witnessing behind the wheel. The video
brings out the actual dilemma as drivers experience it in
the merge dilemma)
A few comments by readers of
the Post Standard
Posted
by CNYexpert
on 06/08/08
The obvious answer - one I'm
amazed has eluded the DOT for all this time - is not to
announce that one lane will be 'ending'. Just put up signs
that both lanes will merge into one. Use cones to merge
everybody to the middle, then steer the one column wherever
you want it. As long as nobody thinks they are in the lane
that will continue to exist while others are in a lane about
to vanish, everybody will just keep driving and merge
one-to-one (with a few exceptions for the truly selfish).
They have done this on the 690E-481N connection a few times,
and traffic slows down but with no stoppage and no murderous
road rage.
Other states do it that way
and laugh at our problems.
++++++++++++
Posted
by freqflyer
on 06/08/08
Here in the Washington DC
area we have major traffic. We use the *merge at the end of
the lane* rule, it works perfectly.
+++++++++++++
Posted
by FairmntBob
on 06/08/08
There is no logic to the merge later to keep the line down theory. The bottleneck is the one lane, and only one lane can go through it. The sooner the merging is out of the way, the smoother the one lane of traffic can go through the one lane available, without extra stopping and going for merging. A single lane of 50 cars takes the same (or less, if there is last second jockeying) time as two lanes of 25 cars. It just looks longer. As to the line backing up farther back if the merging is early, that's a good thing because people can see the line and take an exit to avoid the mess!
People going up farther are simply cutting ahead in the
line... if you can't see that you aren't paying attention!
+++++++++++++++++
August 3, 2008
The Urge to Merge
From: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03traffic-t.html?_r=1&oref=login&fta=y&pagewanted=print
By CYNTHIA GORNEY
HERE IS THE CALDECOTT TUNNEL
PROBLEM. If there’s another person with you right now, you
may end up raising your voices as you consider it. I’m just
warning, is all. The last time I brought up the Caldecott
Tunnel Problem among friends, two people who had been a
happy couple for a long time started arguing, and then they
looked at each other as if something new and disturbing were
presenting itself, and when I got up to go, one of them was
pounding the table and yelling at her beloved, “But that is
so wrong!”
(...)
This is the point at which
the North American driving populace, as you know, cleaves
into two camps.
Two-thirds of us, according
to calculations I have made while brooding inordinately
about this inside my Subaru, are lineuppers, slowing rapidly
from 70 to 30 or 20 or whatever and taking our places —
courteously and patiently, as our mothers taught us to do,
respecting the broad tenets of social justice and the
primacy of fairness to all persons on the road, regardless
of income or ethnicity or car model or perceived level of
personal importance — where was I? Oh. Sorry. Taking our
places at the end of the line, I was saying, the long
two-lane line that has formed to the right, creeping toward
the mouth of our tunnel bore. There is still some empty lane
space beside us on the left, true, where the cones are
gradually closing those left lanes down. But people are
already lined up. If we passed them on the left to get in
farther ahead, we would be cutting the line.
One third of us, on the
other hand, zoom on by. For purposes of this problem, I
shall call these sidezoomers. (When I raised the Caldecott
Tunnel Problem with my father, who is 83, he startled me by
suggesting a longer label that included more bad words than
I believe I have ever heard him use at one time.)
Sidezoomers have a variety of strategies, each exaggerated
by the configuration of the Caldecott but replicated in
bottlenecks across the land: there are the ones who zoom by
a few dozen cars, angling in when they see a plausible
opening; and there are the ones who zoom all the way up, to
the very top of the cone-off funnel, at which point they
thrust their aggressive little self-entitled fenders toward
the lineup and nudge themselves in. And there are those who
opt for frontage-road sidezooming, which requires
maneuvering into the far-right highway lane in order to get
off at a certain pretunnel exit that dumps cars onto a
surface street alongside Highway 24. They zip along that
street and get back on 24 at the next entrance, slipping in
ahead of the bumper-to-bumper highway lineup they just
bypassed. So now they’re cutting the line, too, but from the
right.
And that very last exit lane
before the tunnel, also on the right? You can’t get back
onto the highway once you’ve exited there, but if you’re a
sidezoomer you can slide into the empty exit-only lane,
still on the highway but pretending you’re leaving, and then
you drive and drive right past all the lineuppers until
whoops, now at the last minute you’ve changed your mind and
you’re not exiting at all; you’re sneaking back into the
line.
(...)
So I started consulting
professionals on my own: traffic engineers, the highway
police, queuing theorists. The learning curve, it must be
said, was robust. I hadn’t known queuing had theories. But
of course it does, mathematicians and business-operations
people have to work them out, the heart-attack patient gets
in ahead of the sprained ankle and nobody has a problem with
that, and anybody who has been to Europe intuitively
understands what one engineer meant when in midsentence he
said to me, “perfect England,” meaning culturally mandated
compulsive queuing, and, “perfect Italy,” meaning culturally
mandated compulsive nonqueuing. I learned about the father
of modern queuing theory, an early 1900s Dane whose specific
who-goes-first challenge was the new Copenhagen telephone
system, which required callers, disembodied but queued
nonetheless, to be moved along in a way both maximally
efficient and acceptable to all. I learned some of the ways
a crush of traffic is and is not like a crush of opera fans
outside Lincoln Center — the speed factor,
the isolating qualities of an auto’s steel bubble, the
coarsening effect of no-eye-contact anonymity. I learned
that Officer Sam Morgan, of the California Highway Patrol,
occasionally uses the term “cranial-rectal inversion” when
referring to drivers of especially poor judgment, which was
one of the most satisfactory things I learned all summer,
come to think of it. I asked each professional the same
questions:
1. If you were inside your
personal vehicle, approaching a bottleneck that offered you
the options of lineup or sidezoom, which option would you
select?
2. For practical purposes —
maximum vehicle flow, minimal hang-up — who’s right?
A University of Washington engineer named Bill Beaty, who was one of the first traffic scholars I located, has come up with his own bottleneck-behavior labels: Cheaters and Vigilantes. He disapproves of both. When I acknowledged belonging to the choleric wing of the vigilante order, he was unyielding but sympathetic. “That’s just human,” he said. Beaty is a proponent of the third-way prescription, which I’ll get to in a minute; he’s an electrical engineer, not formally trained in traffic flow but so interested in it that for a decade he has kept up a link-filled Web page, amasci.com/amateur/traffic/links.html, connecting to scores of diagrams and scholarly papers and discussion groups, a whole subuniverse of people preoccupied with the physics and psychology of traffic. (You can click from Beaty’s page to a comic Italian animated traffic short, a German traffic-flow simulator that twitches and rotates and a live-cam shot of one nasty section of Seattle’s I-5.)
(...)
Nearly every time I asked
one of the traffic people to assume the role of the great
vehicle arranger in the sky, remote-controlling each of us
bottleneck drivers as if we were so many video-game
characters, the reply went as follows:
FIRST, EVERYBODY REMAINS
UNRUFFLED, without abrupt changes of lane or speed, as the
lane-drop comes into view. Everybody takes three deep,
cleansing breaths — all right, the experts didn’t say that,
but they meant to — and considers both the imminent needs of
everybody else and the system as a smoothly functioning
whole.
Then everybody begins to
slow, not too much, all in concert. All cars remain in their
lanes, using all the real estate. (On the question of
frontage roads and exit-only lanes, the experts waffled;
those are arguably part of the real estate, they agreed, but
they are meant for a different purpose, and this scenario
relies upon everybody buying into the same rules. So no
frontage-roading or fake-exit-laning, unless there’s a sign
specifically instructing otherwise.) People in the narrowing
left lanes refrain from shooting ahead, while people in the
right through lanes — this is hard to swallow, for those of
us inclined toward vigilantism, but crucial — leave big
spaces in front of their cars for the merging that is about
to commence. We resist the freeze-out-the-sidezoomer urge.
We prepare to invite them in.
Finally, at clearly marked
or somehow mutually agreed upon places, everybody starts
conducting beautiful “zipper merges.” That’s the technical
term — one-two, one-two or one-two-three, one-two-three — as
indicated by the roadway configuration. The process has now
worked at its ideal efficiency/equitability ratio: if all
have behaved correctly, the tunnel passage has been both
benign and, relatively speaking, quick. Personal sacrifice
has been called for, to be sure. The former sidezoomers have
sacrificed the pleasure of high-speed bypass, also known as
I Beat Out the Stupid Sheep Just Now, Ha Ha (less truculent
rendition: I Want to Get Home More Than I Care About
Strangers Whose Faces I Can’t Even See). The former
lineuppers have sacrificed the pleasure of
self-congratulatory umbrage, also known as Hmph, Good Thing
Society Has People Like Me. Together we have all ascended to
the traffic decorum of the army ants, who as Vanderbilt
observes are among the earth’s most accomplished commuters,
managing to get from one place to another in large groups
without cutting each other off, deciding their time is more
valuable than everybody else’s, or — apparently this is the
fast-lane domination method for certain traveling land
crickets — eating anybody who gets in the way.
(...)
Cynthia Gorney teaches at
the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of
California, Berkeley. Her most recent article for the
magazine was about Spanish-Language advertising.
Traffic Waves by Beatty
Explained
Inquiry into Violence
Associated with Motor Vehicle Use
Government of Australia
Final Report April 2005
Key concepts: Road Violence,
Road Hostility and Selfish
Driving.
Selfish driving involves time urgent or
self-oriented driving behavior, which is committed at the
expense of other drivers in general, but which is not
specifically targeted at particular individuals.
The Committee came to the
conclusion that road violence is not caused by any single
factor. Rather, an act of road violence is the result of the
complex interplay of a number of factors. In the Committee’s
view, road violence is no different from other forms of
violence even though the involvement of motor vehicles can
increase the potential for physical harm. The model shown on
page 186 (Figure 10.1) of the Final Report explains the
Committee’s understanding of the interaction of the various
factors involved. In any road violence incident there will
be a chain of events starting with a triggering event.
Person related and situational factors play a role in the
interpretation of the triggering event that in turn play a
role in how an individual will react to the trigger that may
result in a road violence incident taking place.
The Committee believes that
this model can assist in analyzing the effectiveness of strategies and
initiatives relating to violence associated with motor
vehicle use.
See the full report here: Inquiry
into Violence Associated with Motor Vehicle Use
These stunts, which can earn a driver a seven-day vehicle
impound and license suspension as easily as a street race,
can include:
1.
Doing a "wheelie" on a
motorcycle
2.
Doing donuts
3.
Passing another vehicle
and remaining in the oncoming lane longer than necessary to
complete the pass
4.
Driving a vehicle with
someone in the trunk
5.
Not having the driver
sit in the driver's seat
6.
Preventing other people
from passing
7.
Interfering with other
vehicles by cutting them off or causing them to stop or slow
down in circumstances where they would not normally do so
8.
Intentionally driving
close to another vehicle, pedestrian or fixed object (this
includes tailgating)
9.
Turning left in front of
oncoming traffic as soon as the light for both directions
changes to green
10. Driving a motor vehicle at a
rate of speed that is 50 km/h or more over the speed limit.
From: http://www.miltoncanadianchampion.com/opinions/article/177452
Younger drivers with the
longest commutes are most likely to react to an aggressive
or rude driver. Those with the longest drives are the most
likely to make an obscene gesture.
- Men and women react the
same ways when it comes to road rage.
- Road-rage inducing
behaviors that commuters see every day include talking on
the cell phone (88 percent), driving too fast (59 percent)
and tailgating (56 percent).
- Eating and/or drinking, a
common road rage trigger, is seen by 49 percent of drivers
daily. Motorists in Baltimore, New York and Tampa (57
percent) see this daily.
- The most text-message
happy drivers are in Denver, Houston, Miami and Phoenix,
although overall 38 percent of commuters see texting every
day.
- Twenty nine percent of
those surveyed say they see drivers multi-tasking by
putting on makeup, shaving or reading while driving. They
say they see it most often in Tampa (40 percent) and least
often in Cincinnati (20 percent).
To get the survey results,
Prince Market Research, an independent marketing research
company, conducted 2,512 interviews between Feb. 4 and March
23. The survey has a margin of error of 2 percent.
From: http://www.wtop.com/?nid=25&sid=1403674
State takes on aggressive driving to change
habits
http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_569279.html
By Mike Cronin
TRIBUNE-REVIEW Sunday, May 25, 2008
Local and state law
enforcement, health department and nonprofit officials have
created Smooth Operator, a $2 million state-funded program that seeks to
modify bad behavior on roadways and save lives.
"Sixty-five percent of
traffic fatalities in the state are due to aggressive
driving," said Jay Ofsanik, a PennDOT spokesman. (…)
Pennsylvania's approach is
part of a nationwide movement toward attempting to define
and prevent aggressive driving. State and federal officials
don't agree on what defines aggressive driving, but
generally agree it's a combination of driving behaviors that
include speeding, weaving, passing improperly and
tailgating.
Smooth
Operator went statewide last year, said
David Pritt, a PennDOT spokesman. Seven Western Pennsylvania
counties receive an annual share of $740,000 to pay for
police to work overtime several two-week periods a year and
specifically look for aggressive drivers. The next period is
scheduled for June 23-July 6. The most recent was April
6-20. (…)
Aggressive
driving
is a habit, Pritt said. "It's different than road
rage," Pritt said. "Aggressive driving is being done on a
daily basis. Road rage, like shouting profanities at another
driver, is a description of what occurred during an
incident."
Thirteen states have
aggressive driving laws, said Matt Sundeen, a transportation
analyst with the Denver-based National Conference of State
Legislatures. Georgia and Indiana levy the harshest
penalties, where people convicted face fines up to $5,000
and jail time of up to one year.
In Pennsylvania, an
aggressive driving bill introduced in October by state Rep.
Anthony Melio, a Bucks County Democrat, remains in
committee. If passed, the law would levy a $300 fine on
drivers who endanger a person or property by violating two
or more traffic rules, such as passing and disobeying
traffic signals. (…)
Neighboring Ohio and West
Virginia do not have aggressive
driving
laws. Officials there, as in Pennsylvania, try to
change driving habits through stricter application of
existing laws or education.
U.S. Rep. Nick Rahall,
D-W.Va., supports an education
campaign to battle aggressive driving.
"Laws alone have a limited
effect in changing human behavior," said Rahall, vice
chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure
Committee.
Speaking from experience, Leon
James, a University of Hawaii professor who
specializes in traffic
psychology, said perhaps the best way to reduce
aggressive driving is through personal responsibility.
Twenty-six
years ago, his wife and his wife's grandmother told
James that his driving bothered them. So James started
carrying a tape recorder to record
his thoughts while he drove.
"I learned you have to have
an attitude of latitude," James said. "You have to be more
tolerant of what other people do. Be less critical and
judgmental. Because what they do, you do."
Road rules
How
to respond to an aggressive driver:
• Do not
make eye contact.
• Do not
"argue with your car."
• Yield to
the other driver in a dispute over who has the right-of-way.
• Let
tailgaters pass you.
• Watch for
tailgaters to pull in front of you too quickly.
• Always
think: "What can I do to make this situation safer?"
How to stop
driving
aggressively:
• Try to
change one thing every day.
• Do not
race another driver.
• Give
yourself enough time to get to a destination.
• Don't
tailgate.
• Go with
the flow and speed of traffic.
• Don't get
in the car to drive when angry.
Sources: J.J. Miller, AAA
safety adviser; Leon
James, University of Hawaii professor who
specializes in traffic psychology
Calif. cell phone laws at a glance
Jun
29, 2008 By The Associated Press, AP
From: http://www.examiner.com/a-1464769~Calif__cell_phone_laws_at_a_glance.html
Here is an overview of the
two cell phone laws that take effect Tuesday in California:
- Drivers under 18 are
prohibited from using a wireless telephone, pager, laptop or
any other electronic communication or mobile service device
while driving. They cannot talk on a cell phone, even with a
hands-free device, nor can they text-message. They will be
allowed to make calls in an emergency.
- Drivers 18 and over must
use a hands-free device when using their cell phone while
driving. Text-messaging is not specifically banned for
adults, but the California Highway
Patrol said they can be cited for negligence under
existing laws.
There is no grace period for
violators. Beginning Tuesday, anyone seen driving while
holding a cell phone to their ear will be subject to base
fines of $20 for the first ticket and $50 for subsequent
tickets, plus additional fees that will more than triple the
fine.
The California
Department of Motor Vehicles will not assign a
violation point to motorists' driving records.
Drivers of all ages - with
or without a hands-free device - can use their cell phones
in an emergency.
See also: Distracted
Driving
Original: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/08copsli.html?ref=nyregionspecial2
The New York Times By STEWART AIN
Published: June 8, 2008
Stopping Aggressive Drivers
From on High
(...) The Long Beach police
have begun cracking down on speeders and reckless drivers
with a novel approach — stationing an officer in a
utility-truck bucket 25 feet in the air.
The officer radios
information on traffic violators he spots to three officers
on the ground. Instead of pursuing the violators in a police
car, the officers stop all traffic and then “surgically
extricate” them from the traffic, Lieutenant Tangney
said.(...)
There were 24 fewer
accidents during the first three months of this year even
though the project did not begin until February. That was a
10 percent drop compared with the same period a year ago,
Lieutenant Tangney said. At the same time, he said, the
department’s 45 patrol officers have issued about 400 more
traffic summonses, a 20 percent increase. (...)
Site Map
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Aggressive
driving, rapid acceleration and braking can affect fuel
mileage. By avoiding such behavior, you can see savings up
to 30 percent. That could be a savings of more than $1 per
gallon. See original
article here
From: http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=508227
Hypermiling: the new way to save money on the road
Rob Barrett finds driving a new kind of challenge. That's
because the Eden Prairie dad is coasting along using a new
driving trend: hypermiling.
"You take a two thousand pound car, you accelerate to 60
miles per hours. That's like a thousand joules of energy,"
Barrett said. "You just throw it all away by putting on the
brakes."
Instead, Barrett -- like other hypermilers across the
country -- rely on a technique of coasting and little
accelerating. They also use the standby techniques of
driving the speed limit and keeping their tires inflated to
the right pressure. The trend is getting traction,
especially with rising gas prices. "It's only going to go up
and it's not going down. If I can use half as much it's just
great," he said.
Barrett estimates he's gone from 27 miles per gallon... to
40, using his 1999 Acura Integra, not a hybrid. That's 50
percent better gas mileage, which is saving him money.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermiler
Fuel economy-maximizing
behaviors
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Various terms describe
drivers using unusual driving techniques to maximize fuel
efficiency. A few of these are:
·
Hypermilers are drivers
who exceed the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated
fuel efficiency on their vehicles by modifying their driving
habits. The term 'hypermiler' originated from hybrid vehicle driving clubs
and Wayne Gerdes in particular.[1] As people began comparing fuel efficiency, they noticed
that by using certain driving techniques, they could greatly
improve their mileage. With the aid of real time mileage
displays, drivers were able to refine these driving
techniques and greatly exceed the EPA rating for their
vehicle. Decades before the word 'hypermiler' was used, the
techniques were used in events such as Mobil Economy Run dating to
1936. [2] Gas rationing during World War II forced some drivers
to adopt these techniques, but they largely fell out of
favor with the population after the war. Hypermiler Wayne
Gerdes can get 59 MPG in a Honda Accord and 30 MPG in an Acura MDX.[3]
·
Ecodriving is a term
used in Europe to name initiatives which support energy
efficient use of vehicles. The campaigns include training
courses with hands on training - fuel gauges etc.[citation needed]
Techniques used to
maximize fuel economy (continued)
From: http://www.wlwt.com/news/15971868/detail.html
(...) He said he would drive below the speed limit whenever
he could do so without holding up traffic, and Engels said
he doesn’t mind taking a curious turn or two on his way to a
destination. (...) Engels is a hypermiler – a growing number
of drivers who modify their driving habits to exceed EPA
fuel efficiency standards for their vehicles.” (...)
Engels owns a hybrid car
that he customized with aerodynamic hubcaps and an internal
radio antenna to cut down on drag, but he said anyone can
benefit from hypermiling. (...) “Actually, the people that
have regular cars can turn out better percentage performance
than the hybrids do,” he said. (...) In addition to
well-known fuel-saving techniques – such as maintaining
proper tire pressure and keeping windows rolled up and air
conditioners turned off – hypermilers try to keep their
vehicles in constant motion. (...)
Hypermilers
driven to maximize gas mileage
Tuesday, July
8, 2008
By IAN
HAMILTON / The Dallas Morning News
ihamilton@dallasnews.com
Chuck Thomas regularly
putters along on the highway at 50 mph in his Honda Insight,
swerves into turns rather than hitting the brakes, and, when
nobody is looking, jumps from the car and pushes it into a
parking space.
Video http://www.dallasnews.com/video/index.html?nvid=261252
All just to save a little
gas.
Mr. Thomas of Lewisville
belongs to an emerging subculture born of the ability to
track gas mileage via a dashboard gauge. Hypermilers use a
variety of techniques to maximize fuel efficiency: airing
the tires up to or beyond the recommended pressure, forgoing
air conditioning, coasting whenever possible (sometimes with
the engine off), timing their arrivals at intersections to
hit green lights and traveling around 50 mph on the highway.
Since he began hypermiling,
Mr. Thomas has been squeezing 85 to 90 mpg out of his hybrid
Insight, a car rated at 53 mpg.
"Fanatic is what the lazy
call the dedicated," notes Mr. Thomas at the bottom of his
posts at CleanMPG.com, a Web site devoted to the hypermiling
community and its fuel-efficient techniques.
Hypermilers cite several
reasons for maximizing mileage, including protecting the
environment, saving money, having fun while driving, and
even decreasing American dependence on foreign oil.
"Hypermiling is a little
addictive," said Reid Stewart, an attorney from Irving who
started when he bought a BMW with a gas mileage gauge. "It
becomes a competition with yourself to see how well you can
do."
Hypermilers do sacrifice
travel time for the sake of gas mileage. In a televised
event, Mr. Gerdes and a reporter each drove from Chicago to
New York in a hybrid Toyota Prius. According to Mr. Gerdes,
the reporter made it in 13 hours at 39 mpg. Mr. Gerdes
needed 15½ hours, but he did it on one tank of gas at 71
mpg.
"There's a thousand reasons
to choose to be a hypermiler," Mr. Gerdes said. "There's
only one reason not to, and that's: 'I've got to be there
first.'"
KEYS TO BETTER GAS MILEAGE
Digital mileage gauge: This
device hooks into the vehicle's computer and gives instant
feedback on fuel consumption, allowing drivers to see what
practices burn excess fuel. It costs about $150.
Tires: Filling tires to the
recommended or maximum pressure can have a big impact on
fuel economy. While there is less friction in a highly
pressurized tire, it also can make the ride bumpier.
Speed: Varying speeds can be
ideal for gas mileage, but driving more than 60 mph always
decreases fuel economy substantially. Every 5 mph over 60
mph reduces fuel economy by the equivalent of 30 cents per
gallon.
Weight: Keep the car as
light as possible. Every 100 pounds off the vehicle can
increase fuel economy by 1 percent to 2 percent.
Gas and brake pedals: Only
use the pedals when absolutely necessary, which means
keeping an eye on the road ahead and planning your drives
accordingly. Don’t accelerate toward a stop sign. Coming to
a complete stop nets 0 miles per gallon, so setting a pace
in a traffic crunch and timing green lights can go a long
way toward helping gas mileage.
Sources: fueleconomy.gov
and hypermiling expert Wayne Gerdes
'Hypermiling'
tricks save gas but stir up some criticism
From: http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/traffic/bal-te.hypermiling11jun11,0,4192306.story
By Liz F. Kay and Josh
Mitchell | Baltimore Sun reporters June 11, 2008
(...) Estimates of
potential savings vary, but one expert says the driver of a
nonhybrid vehicle could improve his fuel economy 50 percent
by applying basic tips. (...) Other hypermilers stress the
environmental benefits. But some auto experts question the
safety of advanced hypermiling techniques such as "drafting"
- closely following tractor-trailers to cut down on the flow
of air against a vehicle.
Leon James,
a University of Hawaii professor who has written about the psychology
of driving, said hypermiling can become a form of
aggressive driving if, for example, drivers practice it in
the fast lane, forcing others to drive around them, or if
they coast through stop signs.
"If you were behind someone
who's practicing certain features of hypermiling, you get
very annoyed," James said. "Hypermiling can be a selfish
thing to do."
Ed Kriston of AAA said that
the automobile group encourages gentle driving to save gas
but discourages aggressive types of hypermiling. "Some of
the things they do are very dangerous," he said. He pointed
to drivers going below the speed limit on highways such as
Interstate 795, where the limit is typically higher than
those posted on most highways. (...)
The biggest factor in
getting better gas mileage is driving at a moderate speed -
55 mph instead of 65 or 75 mph - the publication reported.
When the Toyota Camry's cruising speed was increased from 55
to 65 mph, the car's fuel economy dropped from 40 mpg to 35,
it reported. Other techniques include keeping tires properly
inflated and avoiding frequent bursts of acceleration,
sudden braking, the use of premium fuel and driving on a
cold engine.
(...) Hypermilers also use
their air conditioning more efficiently, Gerdes said. He cools
his car before he starts the engine by opening windows and
doors. (...)
"I don't go so slow that it
would be annoying," said Semmes, a founder of the Mount
Washington Green Club. He also shifts into neutral when
going downhill and tries to get behind big trucks, although,
he said, "I'm afraid to get too close, so I'm not sure it
makes a difference." Semmes is motivated by his concern for
the environment, but he also hypermiles, he said, "because
it's cool." Other drivers gave various reasons for starting
to slow down.
(...) Other drivers said the
potential savings on gas wouldn't compensate for time lost
by driving slower. "That's what old people do," said Carl
Henninger, 27, another Costco customer. "It would definitely
make a difference, but I'm not going to change my life for
50 cents a gallon." (...)
Hypermiling tips
•Do not idle excessively.
•Keep tires properly inflated.
•Avoid speeding.
•Warm up the engine before driving.
•Remove cargo or cargo racks to reduce weight and air resistance.
Sources: Consumer Reports,
hypermiling.com
AAA Advises Hypermilers to Steer Clear of Dangerous
Techniques
From: http://www.localnews8.com/Global/story.asp?S=8547090&nav=menu554_2
Updated:
June 24, 2008
(...) They are referring to the measures drivers take to
conserve fuel called "hypermilling." AAA defines it as
trying to exceed a vehicle's fuel efficiency rating by
drastically modifying driving and maintenance habits.
"The goals of
hypermiling are positive, such as eliminating aggressive
driving and saving energy," said Marshall L. Doney, AAA
Automotive vice president. "Unfortunately, some motorists
have taken their desire to improve fuel economy to extremes
with techniques that put themselves, as well as their fellow
motorists, in danger."
Hypermiling
includes cutting off the vehicle's engine or putting it in
neutral to coast on a roadway, tailgating or drafting larger
vehicles, rolling through stop signs and driving at erratic
and unsafe speeds. AAA says such actions put drivers at risk
because loss of power to steering and brakes limit how they
will react to quickly changing traffic conditions.
Doney says
these extreme driving behaviors are dangerous, and some are
illegal. There are, he says, several safe and legal
techniques motorists can use to conserve fuel, such as
smooth and easy acceleration and braking, maintaining a
steady speed, using cruise control and looking ahead to
anticipate changing traffic conditions.
Hypermiling,
the term given to a range of techniques whose goal is to cut
costs, may also include how motorists maintain their
vehicles to obtain optimal fuel economy. That can include
keeping tires properly inflated, which can improve mileage
by two to three percent, according to the U.S. Department of
Energy.
AAA notes some
drivers have taken this advice too far by over-inflating
their tires, which the Rubber Manufacturer's Association
says can make them more susceptible to road hazard damage
and result in premature wear to the center portion of the
tread. Over-inflation can also cause handling issues because
less tire surface is making contact with the road.
Using the
recommended grade of motor oil is also helpful in improving
fuel economy. However, some hypermilers opt to use the
lowest 'weight' oil which has the lowest kinematic
viscosity. Engineers say using too light of oil can cause
major damage to a vehicle's engine. (...)
"We recommend
that motorists avoid jackrabbit starts and lead-foot braking
that are proven fuel wasters," said AAA Idaho spokesman Dave
Carlson. "Don't go overboard on hypermiling techniques that
can hurt you or damage your vehicle."
When Hypermiling Is
Considered Aggressive Driving
By Dr.
Leon James 6/08
Email: letters@DrDriving.org
People can be motivated to join the practice of hypermiling
for many good reasons and motives.
For example:
- they want to stop wasting
expensive gas
- they want to reduce
contributing to pollution
- they want to help the
nation to become less dependent on foreign oil
- they drive slower to be
less dangerous
- it gives them more alone
time in their car
- they altruistically desire
to have others get ahead of them
- they want to be able to
enjoy the scenery more
- they want to be good
driver role models to their children
- there is a police car
behind them
- and still other good
reasons
These are all good and
legitimate reasons for joining the group of hypermilers.
Now here are some cautionary
things that hypermilers should be aware of and make them
into part of their practice. These are recommendations I
have on the basis of the driving psychology principle that
aggressive driving consists of imposing a level of risk on
others that they are not prepared to handle.
Part of the proper practice
of hypermiling on public roads and parking lots, is to
always take into account what is the effect of their
practice on other drivers. We are almost never alone in
public places, The way we walk and drive has an immediate
and unavoidable impact on another pedestrian or motorist.
This is obvious to everybody.
The problem is that we can
fabricate a justification for ignoring this obvious reality.
We all need to ask ourselves
some questions and especially, to practice self-witnessing
in public places. We need to teach ourselves the skill of
monitoring how our actions in public impact others. Take for
instance the motorist we call “the left lane bandit.”
Drivers will occupy the passing lane when there is plenty
room and opportunity to move over into the right lane. They
might think, “It’s OK. No one is behind me.” But then, they
are not as vigilant as they should be for safety and
courtesy. They don’t check their rear view mirror every
minute. So when a car comes up behind them, the left lane
bandits don’t see it, or they see it, but don’t care. They
think, “Let them pass me in the right lane. There is plenty
room. Besides, I am going at speed limit.”
Here you can see that
drivers have the habit of spontaneously fabricating
justifications for maintaining the aggressive behavior. It
is aggressive to block the passing lane, whatever speed one
is travelling, as long as one can move over safely, and
someone is behind wanting to go through. Not to move over is
aggressive. Drivers know this instinctively, but if they
fabricate a justification, they can keep themselves from
moving over. The reason that not to move over is aggressive,
is that it forces others to take more risks for themselves
and others. It also causes them to react emotionally, unless
they already trained themselves to handle traffic emotions
appropriately. Drivers who react emotionally to the behavior
of left lane bandits, tend to execute the passing on the
right in a flurry of counter-aggressive moves. They do it
faster than is safe. They waste a lot more gas. They become
a danger to other motorists. They continue venting for
minutes afterward, losing their focus and concentration. All
this is the consequence of the fabricated justification of
left lane bandits. Aggressive driving that promotes more
aggressive driving on the road.
Now let us look at what the
hypermilers sometimes do, and what they need to avoid doing
in order to practice safe and acceptable hypermiling on
public roads.
There are two categories of
hypermiling strategies. One category involves doing
something
to the car that does not affect other drivers. These
include strategies relating to:
- engine oil
types and amounts
- tire pressure
- cargo / load
- towing
- running electrical
accessories
- maintenance schedule
- fuel consumption display
- others
The second category involves
doing something to one’s driving style, which always impacts
directly on other motorists. These include strategies
relating to:
- speed and speed variation
techniques
- acceleration and
deceleration pattern
- using a gradual stepped up
speed technique (“Warm
up P&G”)
- avoiding hilly terrain
- idling and warming up the
engine
- coasting
- following close in an
attempt to benefit from the “Draft-Assisted
FAS” of a car ahead of you
- others
If you Google or Yahoo hypermiling or hypermilers, you will
find sites, blogs, and discussions that warn against driving
style strategies that are aggressive or illegal, and those
that are enthusiastic about any hypermiling technique that
can improve one’s fuel economy (FE). This is the danger zone
of the hypermiling practice that is spreading across the
land. Current hypermilers, and all who join their ranks, can
be practicing both types of driving styles without realizing
it.
As an expert on driving psychology, I strongly recommend to
all hypermiling practitioners to monitor their driving
techniques to observe how they impact other drivers. The
practice of hypermiling must contain two components: the
motivation to improve fuel economy, and the motivation to
avoid aggressive driving techniques. Both motives must be
present.
Aggressive driving techniques by hypermilers include
anything they do which impacts other motorists by increasing
the risk to which they are exposed by the hypermiler.
Here are some examples from
the description
of hypermilers. These techniques will often affect
other motorists, so that hypermilers must monitor how their
driving strategy affects the risk on other motorists.
- Pulse and Glide (P&G)
(e.g., accelerating to 40 mph, easing off to 25 mph,
accelerating back to 40, etc.)
- riding in the wake of a
large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). It's not
safe, DON'T DO IT. We
only mention it here because it is part of some
hypermilers' arsenal of tricks.
- driving with minimal
brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common
sense--it's really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve
at 50 trying to save gas
- looking far down the road
to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves and signal
changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand
- driving very close to the
outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicle's
tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the
road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic
- when parking, locating a
spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then using gravity
to help get the vehicle moving from standstill
- etc.
These techniques can be
aggressive and annoying. Driving in a way that annoys other
motorists is to contribute to a risk hazard. For instance, “ridge
riding” involves the practice of driving very close to
the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicle's
tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the
road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. This
may seem innocuous when you’re alone on the road, but if
you’re driving in traffic drivers behind you have to
readjust to seeing your car slightly off center, which is
not what they normally expect. It reduces predictability and
introduces some confusion.
Here are two recent email
messages I received from hypermiling enthusiasts:
I've been reading through
your site, and I feel it is very good. My nature is to try
to agree with people and to delve into the reasons why they
say what they do.
One example from your
writings involves letting a person in who is trying to merge
with traffic. An inexperienced hypermiler might be intent on
maintaining exactly 57.3 mph or some other speed in order to
maximize their mpg. Yes, I would consider this a form of
"aggressive" driving and would not condone it. I try to pick
up merging traffic as soon as possible. If they are not
moving in my windshield, I know we are on a collision
course, so I will adjust my speed (usually slower for
hypermiling) in order to let them in without conflict. I
don't expect a wave of appreciation as it happens so early,
they would not perceive that I did let them in. It will
actually improve my mileage as hypermiling adjustments must
be very subtle or it ruins my mpg. Far better to make a
relaxed adjustment early than an abrupt one later.
Our concern as hypermilers
is that we are being portrayed in the media as crazy
drafters (we don't condone drafting closer than 3 or 4
seconds) or selfish people who don't care if we block
traffic in order to get the best mpg. The reality is that we
get the best mpg when we become a part of the traffic flow
in a way that the fewest number of people have to make
abrupt changes.
Yesterday, I took a 15 mile
ride around town pretending a hostile reporter was in the
right seat and would report everything I did to
inconvenience others. I found that I never needed to go
slowly to enhance my mpg at a time when it would
inconvenience others. In order to be a good hypermiler in
the city, it's imperative to get in those spaces between the
packs that form at lights. If someone from the trailing pack
is catching me, that means I'm going too slowly to get a
green light at the next intersection and I speed up.
This type of driving is new to many people and mistakes will be made. Hopefully, you will become accepted among hypermilers as a source of information that can help us out. I'll do my best to understand your point of view. Meanwhile, I'd suggest you give the slow acceleration, constant speed, anticipating lights way of driving which forces intent concentration on traffic patterns in all directions and then perhaps, you will understand our point of view.
Sincerely,
Gary Thaller (“Gershon”)
And the second message:
Dr. James,
This week, the Baltimore Sun
had two hypermiling articles...the first one was clearly
anti-hypermiling. After visiting www.drdriving.org
and a second read, I strongly suspect your quote in
the article was taken out of context to promote the
reporter's bias.
The quote was: "hypermiling
can be a form of aggressive driving". This can be true, but
the vast majority of hypermilers are working hard to also be
courteous while driving - something we promote at www.cleanmpg.com .
There were many things in that article dissing hypermiling.
Numerous article over hype the rare practice of drafting
semis...I suspect this is partially due to reporters copying
earlier articles on the topic (which it was mentioned), it's
an attention-getter, and simply a dislike for non-aggressive
driving. In general, I have found a number of speeders
angered by the mere fact someone is going under the speed
limit. For instance - I leave before rush hour in Dallas
going 50 in a 60 with three lanes. I'll be in the rightmost
lane, but someone going so fast they obviously never behind
me will blast their horn. In rush hour I'd adjust, BTW.
At www.cleanmpg.com, we do
promote defensive driving and to do what we can to pursue
better fuel economy with annoying drivers behind us.
Sincerely,
Chuck Thomas aka Delta Flyer at www.cleanmpg.com
Dr. James,
Thank you for your reply. To briefly describe what
hypermilers are doing.
The community of hypermilers I know and converse with at
www.cleanmpg.com do whatever we can do to stay out of the
way of faster drivers while attempting to go farther.
Tactics include avoiding rush hour, choosing less congested
roads when available, driving on the rightmost lane, on
freeways taking the access road between intersections,
putting the emergency flashers on as a would be tailgater is
approaching (a tremendous stress reducer!), allowing others
to pass whenever possible. In heavy traffic situations, I
will speed up if necessary.
If a hypermiler fails to do what was just described, then he
would be inconsiderate and probably the variation of an
aggressive driver as quoted in the Baltimore Sun. The basic
issue with that article's general tone to all but the
careful reads made it seem like you said "hypermilers are
inconsiderate drivers" when you actually said "hypermilers
could be inconsiderate/selfish drivers". Again, I apologize
for being a bit too quick. Yes, a hypermiler could poke in
the fast lane or HOV lane, go 20mph slower than the traffic
immediately around them, roll through stop signs, hold up
traffic. All of those actions are inconsiderate and are
discouraged at www.cleanmpg.com.
Beyond the article, I have found both on the road and
whenever netizens can comment to any hypermiling article
that aggressive drivers simply hate hypermilers - strong
statement, but google one up and it will be obvious. Several
personal theories. One is speeders probably feel more secure
in packs - if the 90% of drivers speeding start to observe
the postings, the remaining speeders are going to be much
easier to pullover. Guilt is another pet theory. I liken
this to the "sex, drugs, and rock-and-roll" dudes giving the
preacher's kid a hard time because the mere presence of a
clean cut person makes them uncomfortable....got stories of
hybrid drivers getting hostile looks at the gas station from
others filling up gas guzzlers, occasionally taking it to
the freeway as road rage.
Finally, some read politics into hypermiling and hybrids to
an absurd degree...if you took that "your ride reflects your
politics/religion/orientation" - I'd definitely be driving a
one ton pickup truck, but I chose my Honda Insight for
pragmatism and economics instead.
Sincerely,
Chuck Thomas
Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2008 19:52:05 -0700 (PDT)
From: Gershon ben Franja <gershon_ben_franja@yahoo.com>
Subject: bumper stickers
Leon,
I am reading your site a lot, which is a good thing. In the
past couple of weeks, I've noticed a big change in traffic
patterns. Hypermilers are common in the right lane. Probably
most of them don't know the term, but people are slowing
well before red lights. This is making traffic much smoother
in the city as it avoids what I call the "bump and go" at a
red light. Instead of everyone coming to a stop at the
light, people are coasting, so when it changes they are able
to go through. It seems to be much more efficient. Nobody
seems to tailgate those slowing early. In fact, people seem
to recognize that keeping about 2 -4 second spacing will
make it better for them. So, I think hypermiling is a good
thing for the city.
I've also noticed a LOT of people turning off their engines
at lights. There is no problem with anyone getting started
in time. So that's a good thing. The interstate is a
different story. Most of the problems seem to be caused by
trucks that can't accelerate to pass and don't want to waste
gas by slowing. This is creating more bottlenecks around
trucks. It's not so much the truck, as it is the person
behind the truck who waits until they are right upon it
before wanting to pass. Now people in the left lane are
hesitant to pass because the stuck person might pull out.
There is also more traffic on the interstate as people spend
more time there with the average speed being slower. In
time, I think this issue will work itself out as people get
used to it. Country roads are empty. Last night I rode my
bike 35 miles on a mountain road and didn't see a single
vehicle coming the opposite direction. Sometimes we will
have different opinions on things. I saw this quote from
you:
"Leon James, a noted expert
on driving psychology and road rage, says people who act on
their road rage tend to express their emotional
territoriality more than others, something that could easily
translate to the purchase of "overt" vehicle adornments.
"Anything you put on your car is aggressive because it
forces other people to look at it," says James, a professor
at the University of Hawaii. "Drivers aren't out on the road
to read your message."
Nobody can force me to do
anything. If I am not in a place where I can read a bumper
sticker, I don't read it. I think billboards are the same
way. Anyway, not a big deal, but the funniest one I saw was
"The closer you get, the slower I go." I think we'd agree
this one is aggressive. On tailgating. In my car, I've found
a very effective way of dealing with tailgaters. I find that
if I slow ever so slightly to where they would hardly notice
and then accelerate about 5 mph they pretty much stay back.
I seldom get tailgated as I find people tend to mimic the
spacing the car ahead of them has. If I don't tailgate, I
don't get tailgated.
Gershon
Quoting Comments on Hypermiling from readers on
various sites (6-11-08):
(…) It’s not acceptable to go five under because most people
are on the road to get somewhere, not to extend their fuel
range. The hypermilers become moving roadblocks. They have
noble intentions, but they’re practically off-base. I would
suggest that instead of playing the high-mileage game with
their cars, they might just try riding the train or the bus.
(…)
Posted
by Brandon
You are most definitely right that going slow is not
socially acceptable. Cars moving quickly don’t force anyone
to speed up, however cars going slowly force everyone behind
them to go slow. If you insist on going slow then use
surface streets, and if you go too slow for surface streets
use residential streets.
Posted
by Mike B
Getting up to the speed of traffic in a timely manner is
basic human decency. If you pull out of a driveway or turn
from an intersecting street and proceed to coast along 15
mph under the limit, forcing cars behind you to jump on
their brakes, you’re causing traffic snarls — not to mention
potential accidents. If even 10% of the cars on the road
insist on coasting around well under the speed of traffic,
we’re all going to spend so much time idling in traffic jams
that all energy-saving measures are moot.
When I get trapped behind one of these people, I often can’t
even change lanes safely, because cars will be approaching
from behind so quickly that I can’t see them until they’re
already dangerously close. I want to be okay with people
driving under the speed limit, but I can’t figure out how to
accommodate them without endangering myself.
Posted
by EAS
Hypermiling might be fine, but when you become a moving
roadblock and are doing less than the speed limit, plus
coasting you incite roadrage in the people behind you. Take
that guy in the large SUV that now is pissed and wants to
pass you. You may be getting 60 mpg’s out of your Prius by
coasting and driving 5 mph under, but when he gets a chance
to pass you he’s gonna floor that beast and eeek out maybe 8
mpg’s. So what you’re conserving in gas he’s consuming. The
end result: All that hypermiling you just did was for
nothing.
At least obey the speed limits and don’t go pissing off
those large SUV’s. And if you’re gonna do it on the
interstate get ALL the way over to the right hand lane!!!
Posted
by Capt. Concernicus
I really do wish, though, that those who are driving below
the speed limit would move to the right rather than sitting
out in a left or middle lane. They really just don’t seem to
get that they are causing danger by messing up the traffic
flow as others try to get around them. They *also* seem
oblivious to the fact that cars bunching up behind them
isn’t particularly safe, either.
Posted
by jen l
To posters 2 and 3, they are proof that it is not socially
acceptable. The problem (for them) is that it is perfectly
legal. It’s true that most people “are on the road to get
somewhere,” but that does not somehow mean that they have
the right to force other people to get there at the same
speed. There is nothing wrong with driving 5 under the speed
limit when the only minimum speed limits I have ever seen on
a highway are 20 below.
This is the same type of argument given by people who try to
run cyclists off the road in town. a Bicycle has every right
to drive in the road at 15 mph, even if someone behind them
is trying to “get somewhere”.
Posted
by Kwali
Before deciding what to make of “hypermiling”, I actually
spent time on the web site, and discovered that they do NOT
condone drafting other vehicles and/or coasting with the
engine off. It appears from their blogs that a just a few
try it, but most stick with safer techniques. What I see is
mostly sensible things like keeping the car tuned up, not
exceeding the speed limit, and avoiding jackrabbit
starts/stops. Therefore, I conclude that these folks are
making our roads safer, and not more hazardous.
Posted
by Kenneth
|
|
The New Practice of
Hypermiling –
The Philosophy Behind the Hypermiling Driving Style
and
The War Between
Hypermilers and Non-Hypermilers
By Dr. Leon James
DrDriving.org
July 2008
If you observe motorists at
traffic lights you notice that a hypermiling driving style is being practiced by more and more drivers.
They coast towards the intersection, slowing down earlier,
gradually decreasing speed, instead of the usual way,
which is to approach the intersection at the rate of
travel, then more or less abruptly, putting on the brakes.
This usual technique uses up more gas. Any time you apply
the brakes, you are “wasting” gas – this is the central
motivating idea of the hypermiler’s philosophy of driving.
It’s an attitude that leads more drivers to shut off their
engine while “sitting” at a red light.
One practitioner recently
wrote to me in an email: “Hypermiling changes a person
psychologically into being more relaxed while driving.”
To hypermilers, doing
hypermiling has become a special driving identity.
“Yesterday, I was watching
traffic approaching a red light. Out of maybe 50 cars that I
watched, only 2 didn't slow down early. I was also sitting
at a red light and noticed several people had their engines
shut off. I saw an elderly grandmother type do a perfect
coast to a light last week. She seemed to be an expert.”
As this comment illustrates,
hypermilers admire each other’s “expertise” in the skills of
fuel-efficiency-conscious
driving. A well documented hypermiling
practitioner’s Web site has replied to recent news stories
reporting criticisms by safety officials of hypermiling
strategies.
You can see the article
here: http://www.cleanmpg.com/cmps_index.php?page=AAA
Quoting: “CleanMPG stresses
that beginning Hypermilers should add only one new method at
a time, if necessary testing at low speeds in an empty
parking lot or on a deserted back road, and should never try
anything they feel will be unsafe. In Hypermiling , the
driver exercises the same discretion required in all
driving. Going 65mph may be deemed “safe” on a highway with
a 65mph limit, but not in a mall parking lot, or for that
matter on the same highway in rain or snow. Hypermilers
drive more safely than today's average US driver because (a)
they do not drive at speeds above the posted speed limits,
(b) they focus intently on the road and traffic conditions
around them, and (c) they keep to the right hand lane.”
Now this is what I would
call good hypermiling practices.
Others include:
(1) smooth and gentle
acceleration and braking
(2) maintaining a steady
speed
(3) using cruise control
(4) looking ahead to
anticipate changing traffic conditions.
The article also mentions
techniques that I would call bad hypermiling practices, such as,
(1) not keeping to the right
(2) rolling through stop
signs and red lights
(3) drafting or tailgating
The CleanMPG
Website article defends good hypermiling practices:
“Over the past few years, reporters from respected
institutions such as CBS, ABC, Dan Rather Reports, and other
regional as well as local news outlets have gone on
"ride-a-longs" or Hypermiling Clinics with various CleanMPG
members to experience Hypermiling firsthand. None of them
stated either in person or in their reports that they found
the methods hazardous but all witnessed respective fuel
economy increases of as much as 100%!”
Gary Thaller (“Gershon”)
wrote to me in an email:
“Perhaps if you are going to
be giving interviews on hypermilers, you should try to
become one. Then you will see the psychological changes it
brings about for you. They may be different than for others.
You may see it as a way of toning down aggressive riding by
substituting a different form of competiveness. For example:
One might smirk when they catch a racer at the next lght.
Another might not care or even notice. The external actions
are the same, but the intrinsic motivation is different.
If one stereotypes the type
of people who become hypermilers, it gives a perception of a
limitation to those who can start doing it. For example: To
run in the Olympics, one needs a certain level
of ability. But as is seen in the NYC Marathon every
year, even a very handicapped person can be a runner. One
may not have the desire to implement all the techniques in
the way an Olympic runner does, but they can still hypermile
at the level they are capable of doing.
There is a buffet of
techniques. I'd suggest a person pick one, say coasting to
lights instead of keeping speed up and braking late. Try it
until it seems natural and then try another one.”
As you can see, hypermiling
has become a new social
community of practice on the roads and
streets of America. They have their own new standards of
“good driving.” Drivers who “waste” gas are not considered
good drivers. New fuel efficiency standards have become an
important measure of driving excellence. It’s not enough
any more to merely meet fuel efficiency standards
recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. Those are set too
low, way too low, according to hypermiling standards.
Now From the
Perspective of the Drivers Behind the Hypermilers
Not hypermiling is also a social practice in the driving
community on the roads.
Before the great gas price
hikes, when gas was esteemed “affordable,” hypermiling was
not known as a community of practice. And yet, as an
illustration, I know that my wife was taught to drive by her
father in the 1960s and he taught her that the gas pedal
should not be used more than is necessary, like a “led
foot,” and that coasting was a good and smart thing to do
whenever possible.
Monitor Your Mental
Driving Economy
What Causes Driving Stress and the Emotional Use of the Gas Pedal?
Emotional Territoriality in Driving – What Is It?
Driving involves traffic emotions, traffic thoughts, and traffic actions.
These are three independent systems of the driver that need to be trained to work together efficiently. All drivers improve with experience. But this is usually true only about one sector of their traffic actions -- handling the vehicle. The majority of drivers do not improve in their traffic emotions and traffic thoughts.
Emotional territoriality refers to all the things that the driver cares about and reacts to emotionally.
For instance, some drivers
care about how other motorists take care of their car,
whether it obviously needs a wash, or 
repair in a dent, or
engine maintenance. This traffic emotion is an extension
of the territory of things they care about. Other drivers
hardly notice anything about other cars, but they always
notice when another driver forgets to turn off the signal,
and they have an emotional reaction to it, which is
sometimes expressed facially and verbally, for example
“Look at that idiot. His signal is still blinking!”, which
may be accompanied by shaking the head in disbelief, or in
disapproval. Overtly aggressive drivers may go even
further in the expression of their disdain by yelling at
the driver while passing the car.
The yelling and the shaking of the head are traffic actions that result from the cooperation of their traffic emotions and their traffic thoughts. Understanding this cooperation is the key to managing our traffic experience, and improving it so that driving becomes less risky, more efficient, less stressful, more peaceful, more supportive, and even enjoyable and productive.
We need to practice
monitoring our mental
driving economy. This refers to how we keep
track of what’s happening around us in traffic. Every
moment of driving consists of a loop that we repeat as we
drive: Noticing where the other cars are; appraising
how you need to adjust to that – like when to slow down or
when to pick up; and executing the decision.
Noticing-Appraising-Executing. This is the driver’s loop.
Drivers feel overwhelmed by traffic emotions. This causes driving stress and the emotional use of the gas pedal. Both involve costs in higher risk and unhappiness. Drivers can learn to better manage their traffic emotions by monitoring their mental driving economy. This will give them an indication of their emotional territoriality. What are the things they notice about other cars and motorists? How do they react emotionally? What are their traffic thoughts in connection with these emotions?
Knowing their traffic thoughts and traffic emotions, will allow drivers to intervene in the process. The goal is to shrink one’s emotional territoriality, to stop extending their emotions to traffic events that do not impact them directly. It involves shrinking one’s emotional territoriality by practicing an attitude of latitude. We can notice another driver speeding past us without reacting emotionally. We can experience the sudden fright when someone cuts us off and we have to break quickly. We can’t help the emotional reaction, but we can do something to cut it short. We have the choice of choosing traffic thoughts that exasperate and intensify our disapproval of the other driver, or, we can choose traffic calming thoughts. We are in charge of our thoughts much more than of our emotions, and by controlling our traffic thoughts, we control our traffic emotions.
To achieve effective driver self-management, we need to know what we care about emotionally as we notice things around us. We need to monitor the traffic thoughts that go along with the traffic emotions. For instance, you’re looking for a parking space and notice one right next to a larger car that is not perfectly aligned. You’re annoyed. You feel outraged that you have to either squeeze in, or look for a better stall. If the driver would show up at this point you might glare at the person, or even verbally express hostility. When you think about this scenario from a manager’s perspective who is responsible for a fleet of drivers, you would not rank high with such traffic emotions, thoughts, and actions.
Meanwhile the generation of
drivers around did not get or heed this message. With gas
cheap and car maintenance affordable, a new driving practice
evolved, which can be called the emotional
use
of the gas pedal. It became an unconscious
thing to do for all “normal average” drivers. I have
observed that drivers today commonly use the gas
pedal to reduce traffic frustrations.
Many motorists love to hear
the roar of their own engines, and love to experience the
thrill of acceleration, straight ahead, or around the bend.
It feels like a great relief. This relief is an emotional
relief. The good feeling is attached to the foot. We begin
to love that pedal. We play footsie with it. We press it,
and the mechanical monster whirls, roars, and bounces in a
faithful dependable response. We are in love with it. It is
possessing power in a world in which we have but little, and
in which we get tossed around. But the gas pedal gives us
power, for a nice change. The gas pedal puts us in charge of
things, of how the vehicle is to move and locomote, and even
fly (for brief miliseconds anyway).
I observed that when drivers
encounter a “left lane bandit” who just refuses to move
over, even when being tailgated, they drive around the car
in the right lane, as they have no other choice, but they do
so by flooring the gas pedal, or using it more than is
required for passing. This fuel inefficient maneuver is an
emotional defense mechanism, to relieve the negative and
explosive traffic emotions occasioned in us by the
inconsiderateness of the passive-aggressive driving style of
the left lane bandit. We feel inner road rage, and this
dangerous traffic emotion is released in a less harmful
manner than gesturing, yelling, or cutting off. The
emotional use of the gas pedal may save the rageful driver
from something much worse and unsafe.
Another common instance of
the emotional use of the gas pedal is to accelerate and
decelerate abruptly whenever some blockage to forward motion
is experienced – slower moving vehicle, slow moving
pedestrians, traffic lights, stop signs, on ramps,
construction zones, coned merge areas, back-ups, -- and now
hypermilers.
More on the emotional use of
the gas pedal in a Section earlier above...
Hypermilers and
non-hypermilers have evolved into two road user communities
that are in conflict with each other behaviorally,
emotionally, politically, socially, and morally.
Their driving values
clash. Their driving attitudes do not fit together
smoothly. Their traffic thoughts are contrastive. Their
driving goals are dissimilar. Their vehicular behaviors
are mutually antagonistic.
How is the non-hypermiling
driver behind the hypermiler driver, going to experience the
vehicle mediated contact?
I have been studying traffic
emotions and traffic thoughts for three decades. I can
predict that the war between hypermilers and non-hypermilers
is going to heat up in the entire range of the driving
community – motorists, safety officials, government
agencies, advocacy groups, online discussion groups, blogs,
and Web sites. We don’t want to follow in the footsteps of
the terrible war between motorists and bicylcists.
Right now there is still the
possibility of a resolution, of peace, between these two
groups gearing up for highway warfare. Hypermilers and
non-hypermilers need to develop a feeling of mutual respect.
Non-hypermilers can admire the tenacity and expertise with
which hypermilers perform their fuel efficiency strategies.
This requires strong motivation for persisting and being
good at it. Americans can admire that. Non-hypermilers can
learn some of the techniques used by hypermilers. It’s a
good thing if we drive with less acceleration and more
situational awareness. Crashes at lower speeds are far
easier to recover from. Distracted driving is lethal to
thousands every year. Hypermilers prompt us to stay more
focused on the driving task itself. It remains the main
thing to do when driving, instead of dividing attention by
multi-tasking with things not directly relevant to driving.
But for non-hypermilers to
learn to respect and appreciate hypermilers, they need to
experience hypermilers as considerate. This is critical. In
the online culture of hypermiling, I found little emphasis
or awareness of strategies, techniques, and driving styles
that monitor and moderate the effect hypermiling has on the
other motorists. This is then a psychological problem
between the two camps on the road. For the sake of peace and
safety, hypermiling communities need to step up their
practices in the area of driver to driver influences.
How one driver acts impacts
on hundreds of other drivers. We all know this, but few of
us have made it into a focus area for observation while we
are on the road and in parking lots. Situational awareness must
include conditions, vehicles and drivers.
One of the safest ways to
drive is in convoys, with vehicles around you that travel at
the same speed, and maintain a relatively safe four-second
interval between cars. This style of driving makes events
predictable, so that mistakes are avoidable or correctable,
as long as the driver is focused and not distracted by other
in-car activities.
What is Your mental
driving economy?
What things do you keep track of when driving?
What is your situational awareness?
Do you Practice the Emotional
Use of the Gas Pedal?
1. When the light turns red
on me just as I get there, I feel depressed for a few
seconds.
2. When I just make the
light, I feel elated.
3. When a slower driver
blocks my way, I get enraged with impatience and
disapproval.
4. When the slower driver
blocks the passing lane, I feel outrage and condemnation.
5. When I get to work in
less time than my average, I feel elated and competent.
6. When the lane I am in is
slower than the other lane, I feel like I am being cheated
or that I have chosen the wrong lane.
7. When ...
Let me know what else you do as a driver that pertains to
how you keep track of other drivers in relation to you. Why
do you do that? Email
DrDriving
See also this news
interview: starbulletin.com/2000/11/10/features/story1.html
For comments, email Dr. Leon
James letters@drdriving.org
Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2008
From: gershon_ben_franja@yahoo.com
Leon, I think many of your
concerns are based on what you feel hypermiling is rather
than what it actually is. Slow starts: The most efficient
load factor to accelerate on an engine is 50 to 80% of
capacity. A hypermiling start done correctly may actually be
a bit faster than traffic around us.
Pulse and glide: This is
something unique to the hybrids. It really doesn't work on a
regular car. A variation does work. Getting up to speed
going uphill and pushing in the clutch going downhill in
places you can maintain speed. A person behind me would
never notice what I'm doing.
Left lane hogs: Yes, people
do this, but this is not hypermiling. It's a lack of
consideration. Being polite to other drivers is a huge part
of hypermiling.
Coasting: If I can't
maintain speed coasting, it's more efficient to use a light
touch on the gas pedal and maintain speed. If I'm coasting
to a light, people seldom come closer to me here. Coasting
to lights seems to be the norm here. It's rare to see cars
more than 2 or 3 deep at the busiest red light. Just a month
ago, they were 10 deep. I get a chuckle when I plan to start
a coast a bit later due to approaching traffic from the rear
and they slow down before I do.
However, if I'm on a 2 lane
road doing the speed limit and someone wants to go faster,
legally, I can't exceed the speed limit. It's something the
speeder is going to have to deal with. Surprisingly, I'm
more often the one being held up than the one holding up
traffic. I simply adjust my technique a little and it's no
big deal. On the use of the word "convoy." Perhaps a third
word could be chosen as the word convoy may also have a
negative connotation due to the movie. It hints at
aggression. It's something I see mostly on the interstate
where a homogenous streem of traffic forms in the right lane
with people content to maintain whatever the stream does.
It's usually led by a Swift truck (whose speed is governed
at 64 mph) or one of the other usually led by a Swift truck
(whose speed is governed at 64 mph) or one of the other
carriers that govern the speed.
When I started riding the
bike, I noticed that if I did 65 in the right lane, traffic
was much smoother than it was at 75. People realized they
have to pass me sooner and move left. Since they are going
75, they get by me quickly and don't clog things up. The
traffic pattern becomes more hazardous if I do 75 in the
right lane. However, if I do 60, then people overtake too
quickly, slow down, and then possibly get blocked by the
person behind them creating a mess.
So, I am against going 15
below the speed limit unless traffic is already moving at
that speed due to congestion.
I'd really like to see any
terminology relating to war not used. I don't see any war on
the roads here. I see people just trying to get someplace,
some driving differently than others. To me, it's more like
a complex video game than a war. Other traffic is simply
part of the terrain I need to navigate through in the safest
way possible while still saving gas. However, if you
personally consider that there is a war going on, you will
find there is a war going on. I prefer to feel I'm at peace
with those around me, and I find people around me act
peacefully.
Gershon
Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2008
From: Gershon ben Franja gershon_ben_franja@yahoo.com
Subject: Hypermiling videos
Leon, You said in a previous
post that hypermilers need to examine their effects on
traffic around them. Yesterday, I rode the bike to Ft.
Collins and back a distance of about 370 miles round trip on
the interstate. I video'ed the whole thing and made shorter
videos of the more interesting parts. The first video is an
area of moderate traffic with 2 lanes. of traffic. The speed
limit was 75. I was doing 65 through most of the video
following a truck pulling a 5th wheeler about 5 or 6 seconds
behind me. This is a good distance as I can see ahead far
enough to avoid an obstacle that might pass under the
vehicle ahead of me. It also gives a vehicle to the left a
place to go through for an exit. Notice how smoothly the
traffic flows throughout the whole video. There isn't any
severe tailgating and no weaving. Here is the video:
http://youtube.com/watch?v=q8AT339vUhc
The second video is through Denver with multiple lanes. The
speedlimit was 55 or 60,
depending on where I was. I maintained 55 in the right lane
when able or one over from
the right lane if the right lane was exit only.
Notice the right lane was the only lane doing the speed
limit. All the lanes to my left
were braking the law. However, traffic was moving smoothly.
Each vehicle tended to pick
the lane that was going their speed and staying in it.
The video is here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWlxtNjR0G4
You made this statement on your webpage:
"Hypermilers and non-hypermilers have evolved into two road
user communities that are
in conflict with each other behaviorally, emotionally,
politically, socially, and
morally.
Their driving values clash. Their driving attitudes do not
fit together smoothly. Their
traffic thoughts are contrastive. Their driving goals are
dissimilar. Their vehicular
behaviors are mutually antagonistic."
I don't see just two communities here. I see one for each
lane and various
subcommunities in each lane. However, I don't see any
conflict whatsoever. I didn't see
a single incident of road rage yesterday although I did see
one glaring error. But it
was just that, a mistake.
The videos together run about 18 minutes. If you have any
comments, please include the
time on the video.
Now, consider what might happen if the faster traffic became
hypermilers. They would
move right and the right lane would fill up. When following
distances got too close,
people would slow down, and some would move to the second
lane which would also go
slower than before. However,
this would leave more room in the lanes further to the
left for people to go faster.
"Hypermilers and non-hypermilers have evolved into two road
user communities that are
in conflict with each other behaviorally, emotionally,
politically, socially, and
morally."
Their driving values clash. Their driving attitudes do not
fit together smoothly. Their
traffic thoughts are contrastive. Their driving goals are
dissimilar. Their vehicular
behaviors are mutually antagonistic."
I'd perhaps change the statement a bit. Hypermilers and
others seem to have two
different goals. One likes to go slow, one likes to go
faster. Surprisingly, the needs
of both are being met. As the hypermilers move right and
maintain a steady speed in the
left, resisting the urge to pass to gain a small advantage,
others are given more space
to go faster. Instead of a war, it seems to be a mutually
beneficial relationship.
Hypermiling History: Here
are Selected Google Results for Hypermiling 6/08
Hypermiling
Becoming More Popular as Gas Prices Rise : TreeHugger
It's really no
surprise that the combination of various gas-saving
techniques known collectively as 'hypermiling'
are getting more attention these days with ...
www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/hypermiling-mpg-fuel-economy-gas-prices.php
COPING WITH GAS PRICES
Canada.com, Canada - 3 hours ago
To accomplish the latter, many drivers are adopting a set of
techniques collectively known as "hypermiling," or
ecodriving. Hypermiling, a term coined by ...
How some are trying to ease the pain The
Gazette (Montreal)
Gas prices skyrocket overnight across Canada
Canada.com
all 22 news articles »
100 -
count 'em - suggestions for hypermiling
- AutoblogGreen
... Even veteran hypermilers will probably find something
worth remembering in this list of 100 ways to increase a
vehicle's miles per gallon. ...
www.autobloggreen.com/2008/03/11/100-count-em-suggestions-for-hypermiling/
Helping
the consumer overcome the rising price of fuel
CJAD, Canada - Jun 8, 2008
Driving less is hardly an option for some people, so they're
turning to a set of techniques known as HYPERMILING, or
ecodriving. Basic hypermiling practices ...
Fuel
economy-maximizing behaviors - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Hypermilers are drivers who exceed the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated fuel
efficiency on their vehicles by drastically ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermiler
The
Ultimate Guide to Hypermiling:
100 Driving and Car Tips and ...
Hypermiling, or driving your car in a manner that maximizes
mileage, has become more popular among drivers worldwide, as
concerns over ...
www.gasolinecreditcards.com/.../04/the-ultimate-guide-to-hypermiling-100-driving-and-car-tips-and-resources/
How
to Become a Hypermiler -
Instructables - DIY, How To, ride ...
The best way to save on fuel is to not use it at all - ride
a bike, use mass transportation, etc. However, there is a
rather large subset of the popul...
www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Become-a-Hypermiler/
Want to improve your car's gas mileage? Try
'hypermiling'
ABC15.com
(KNXV-TV), AZ - May 27, 2008
The cost of a gallon of gas has increased and so too has the
popularity of so-called hypermiling. Hypermiling is
essentially driving your car as efficiently ...
Beat High Gas Prices By Hypermiling MyFox
Phoenix
all 3 news articles »
Hypermilers take extreme measures to stretch
fuel
CTV.ca, Canada - May 18, 2008
The elder statesman of a group of fuel misers known as
hypermilers, Gerdes is obsessed with fuel consumption. He is
driven, so to speak, by the urge to go ...
CleanMPG, An
authoritative source on fuel economy and hypermiling
This discussion forum is dedicated to increasing fuel
economy, mileage ( MPG ), and lowering emissions of whatever
automobile you own and drive.
www.cleanmpg.com/
Hypermiling - The new menace on the
road?: Consumer Reports Cars Blog
In fact, sites like Hypermiling.com and cleanmpg.com promote
many safe and effective ways to maximize fuel economy. But
you should always be courteous to ...
blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2008/05/hypermiling.html
This is a forum dedicated to discuss Hypermiling techniques,
tips, and ideas to increase Gas Mileage (MPG), Gas Savers,
and Fuel Economy regardless of what ...
www.hypermilingforum.com/
Site Map
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Search this Site || Asess Your Road Rage Tendency
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From: http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=445065
Whether you like it or not,
your vehicle choice oftentimes speaks volumes about who you
are.
(...)
Matter Over Mind
For more than 20 years, Dr. Leon
James at the University of Hawaii has researched and
taught the psychology of driving. In our car culture, James
says, drivers idealize their rides and even lend them human
qualities. Under hypnosis, drivers will refer to their car
as if it were a friend or lover. In everyday life, owners
name their cars and talk to them.
And whether
the car is racy or outdoorsy, owners seek attributes that
mirror their self-image. "People construct an ideal in their
mind of the perfect car, and those attributes are
transferred to its driver as well," James said, noting how
negatively we associate the drivers of dilapidated or dirty
cars. Some of us get so offended we'll deliver a
hand-scrawled scolding, strangely written from the car's
point of view: Wash Me. (...)
See this article on
DrDriving: Moving
Relationships Befriending the Automobile to Relieve
Anxiety Jameson M. Wetmore http://www.drdriving.org/misc/anthropomorph.html
Excerpts:
"Interacting with an
automobile as though it were human opens up a way of
conceptualizing its "incomprehensible" mechanical problems
and offers a method of communicating with an automobile that
is understandable to people who are more comfortable with
human interactions. This relationship, in turn, is
occasionally used as a way to calm a person when the driving
situation appears dangerous. Thinking of the driving process
as a team effort helps give the driver the confidence that
often results when more than one person is working together
toward the same goal. Conceiving of an automobile as a
friendly companion is a method many people use to assimilate
the sometimes troubling technology into their everyday
lives. (...)
In this paper I will argue
that anthropomorphism is a method some people have used in
similar negotiations with their automobiles. Even though the
automobile has attained closure in the United States as the
predominant method of vehicular travel, individuals who use
them must still assimilate them on a personal level. Because
automobiles are a source of anxiety for many people, this is
not always a simple process. Not all automobiles are the
flawless, shiny objects that are sometimes discussed in
automotive histories. They are just as often a ten-year-old
hand-me-down station wagon that doesn’t always start when it
rains. Cars have the potential to break down at inopportune
times, perhaps leaving the driver in a dangerous place or
causing him or her to be late for an important occasion. In
addition they are sometimes dangerous to use. Car crashes
claim the lives of tens of thousands of Americans each year.
When these fears are overwhelming, it can be difficult for a
person to use an automobile. Conceiving of a car as a
companion can help mediate these concerns and make it easier
for a person to use. The ability for individuals to use a
car with relatively little stress helps give automobiles the
predominant place they hold in American culture today. (...)
One man I interviewed
addressed the difference between cars that are liked and
those that are disliked when he reflected on the one car he
had not named: "I wanted to name it, but it had no
personality. It was a 78 Brown VW Dasher. Nothing stuck. It
never had enough personality. My girlfriend at the time
proposed ‘Maxime,’ but I didn’t have enough affection for
it, so it didn’t deserve a name." (...)
The personalities these
people developed for their automobiles were quite varied.
Some spoke of their cars as sprightly and fun while others
regarded their cars as slothful or weak. But most of their
descriptions revolved around their car’s reliability.
Sometimes this was an explicit part of their vision, at
other times implicit, but it was always an integral part of
their vision of their car’s human characteristics. Quite
often, the owner’s conception of their car’s personality was
expressed in terms of its quirks and idiosyncrasies. These
traits, whether the result of miles and miles of use or a
manufacturing mistake, were explained as the primary way an
owner can see his or her car interacting with him or her.
For instance, in a 1918
journal, MIT Professor Walter James reflected on his
experiences with "Lisize="3ie," his Model T: "In these
chronicles I have remarked that the Ford is inclined to have
a mind of its own, and to exhibit that mind at most
unpleasant times and in most unexpected ways, stopping dead
without apparent reason, standing still in the face of all
kinds of persuasion and abuse, then, when good and ready,
starting off again." All of the car’s idiosyncrasies are
described as a manifestation of it being "Lisize="3ie" and
having a personality. (...)
Nearly all of the people
interviewed attributed a specific gender to their
automobile. This was often an intricate part of the
personality they envisioned their car as having. They often
displayed this attribution in the gender specific name they
gave their automobile and also by referring to their car as
"him" or "her." In most cases this attribution was a
conscious act and in describing the personality of their
car, many of the interviewees made references to what they
themselves termed "gender stereotypes."
One family, for instance,
has given all their cars masculine names except one. Why?
"Because the older cars were all masculine. They had speed
and power, so they were masculine." In the early 80s, the
mother of the otherwise all-male family argued that women
were underrepresented in the family and they needed to give
a car a female name. Their next purchase was a white
Chevrolet Citation compact they named "Cindy." The car’s
"check engine" light kept coming on and they kept taking it
to the dealer for service. The dealer found nothing wrong
with the car, but they decided it was not worth the hassle,
so they returned the car and purchased another. They
discovered later that the car’s engine exploded a month
after they returned it. As the mother of the family tells
the story, her husband and son "decided that females were
too temperamental" and they did not want to give another car
a feminine name. When asked if their outlook had changed in
fifteen years, they said that the mother was interested in
purchasing a Cavalier, another compact Chevrolet, with a
sunroof. The husband argued that "we can have a female name
for that, or a wimpy male name." The wife questioned if this
would ever happen, arguing that her husband likes V8s, and
she did not believe they would give a feminine name to a car
with such a powerful engine. (...)
Continues here: http://www.drdriving.org/misc/anthropomorph.html
Your Car's Personality
Reveals a Secret
Who knew? Cars may be
inanimate objects, but they have personalities. The
characteristics you give your car--from gender to a
name--reveal a secret about you, specifically your
propensity for road rage.
Colorado State University
psychology professor Jacob Benfield says knowing the
personality of drivers' cars is a better indicator of how
aggressive they will be on the road than knowing the
drivers' own personalities, reports The Washington Post.
In this survey of 204
college students, all of whom owned a car, Benfield assessed
the degree to which the students gave their cars human
characteristics. The results were similar to previous
research:
- About 50 percent thought
of their car as masculine or feminine.
- About 25 percent named
their cars.
Each student took a
personality test that measured his or her propensity toward
road rage and aggressive driving. Then they took the same
test again, but this time, they were given these
instructions: "Imagine that your vehicle had a personality.
Now rate the following items based on the vehicle's
personality."
The results? The students
who thought of their vehicles as being male or female
"scored significantly higher than non-gender-vehicle drivers
on verbal aggression, physical aggression, use of vehicle,
driving anger and pejorative labeling/verbally aggressive
thinking," Benfield and his colleagues report in the journal
Personality and Individual Differences.
This is where it gets really
interesting: The personalities of the drivers and the cars
were not the same. In fact, "the perceived personality of
the car sometimes was a better predictor of aggressive
driving tendencies than the owner's personality," writes
Post reporter Ricard Morin.
Example: People who
think of their car as friendly are more likely to be
polite drivers, even if they are not particularly
friendly people themselves. "If people perceive their
Corolla to be a jerk, they might drive more aggressively
than if they thought their Mustang had a nice
personality," Benfield told the Post. Naming the car had
no effect on road rage tendencies.
--From the Editors at
Netscape
The above is
from: http://channels.isp.netscape.com/atplay/package.jsp?name=fte/carpersonality/carpersonality&floc=wn-nx
People Love Angry-Faced
Cars
By Jeremy Hsu, Staff Writer
posted: 06 October 2008 10:42 am ET
If a Toyota Prius just looks too friendly for your
tastes, you’re not alone. People readily see faces and
traits in cars, and a new study suggests that they prefer
cars to appear dominant, masculine and angry.
The finding rests on the propensity we have to actually
see faces or human characteristics in everything from cars
to clouds, a phenomenon called pareidolia. But now
researchers hope to better understand what goes on in the
brain when people see faces in objects versus humans
faces, as well as help automakers design more appealing
cars.
(...)
(...) For this, Thorstensen enlisted his own group of
experts that included Sonja Windhager, an anthropologist
at the University of Vienna. They asked 20 males and 20
females to rate 38 passenger car models which came out
between 2004 and 2006.
Study participants assessed cars based on a system known
as geometric morphometrics (GM), which allowed the men and
women to rate certain traits on a sliding scale (such as
"infancy" to "adulthood"). The traits represented
maturity, sex, attitudes, emotions, and personality — all
things that people infer from human faces at a single
glance.
After rating car traits, participants then answered the
question of whether they saw a human face, animal face or
no face at all on the cars. They drew facial features such
as eyes, nose and mouth on the car images whenever they
did see faces.
Lastly, the study participants answered whether they liked
a car or not. The study restricted car choices to
passenger cars, because hulking SUVs would have skewed the
results.
People overwhelmingly preferred cars that rated highest on
"power" traits." High "power" cars like the BMW 5 Series
tended to be lower or wider, and have slit-like or angled
headlights with a wider air intake.
The participants also largely agreed on which cars had
which traits, such as arrogant, afraid and agreeable. A
few traits such as disgusted, extroverted and sad caused
more disagreement.
(...)
The above is
from: http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/081006-car-face.html
National Safety Council
(NSC): Fatal accidents increasing
By William Atkins Tuesday,
12 June 2007 According to a June 7, 2007 NSC report, the
number of fatal, preventable accidents in the United States
is increasing after a decreasing trend for over twenty
years.
Specifically, the number of
human deaths from preventable, fatal accidents has risen
over 20% between 1996 and 2005. In 2005, approximately
113,000 people in the United States were killed
accidentally.
The all-time record high is
116,385 accidental deaths in 1969, which the report says
could easily be exceeded, if the percentage trend continues,
within a few more years.
The all-time record low
occurred in 1992, at about 99,440 people dead from
preventable accidents. The decreasing trend in fatal,
preventable accidents occurred between 1969 and 1992. That
good trend is related to the initial installation and use of
seat belts and air bags, home smoke detectors, and better
drunk-drinking laws.
Accidents are the leading
cause of death in the United States for all people aged
one to 41 years. Overall, in
all age groups, accidental deaths are fifth on the list of
preventable fatalities—with heart disease, cancer, stroke,
and chronic lower respiratory diseases being in the top
four.
The number one activity
involved within accidental fatalities include motor
vehicles, especially, activities such as speeding, general
distractions, multitasking, using cell phones, and not
wearing seat belts.
The number two activity
involved with accidental fatalities includes the ingestion
of illegal drugs, prescription drugs, and over-the-counter
drugs. The NSC report states that overdoses from all types
of drugs are the fastest-rising cause of accidental deaths.
Falls, choking, and
drowning, in that order, are the third, fourth, and fifth
leading causes of accidental fatalities in the United
States.
These five categories of
accidental fatalities account for about 83% of all U.S.
accidental deaths. The state of Massachusetts has the lowest
death rate from preventable, fatal accidents. Unfortunately,
New Mexico has the highest death rate.
The website of the National
Safety Council is http://www.nsc.org/. The NSC has tracked
statistics of preventable, fatal accidents since the 1920s.
Its results are published in the Journal of Safety Research.
Territorial Markings as a Predictor of Driver Aggression and Road Rage
Journal of Applied Social
Psychology Volume 38 Issue 6 Page 1664-1688, June
2008 To cite this article: William J. Szlemko, Jacob A.
Benfield, Paul A. Bell, Jerry L. Deffenbacher, Lucy Troup
(2008) Territorial Markings as a Predictor of Driver
Aggression and Road Rage. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology 38 (6) , 1664–1688.
Aggressive driving has received substantial media coverage during the past decade. We report 3 studies testing a territorial explanation of aggressive driving. Altman (1975) described attachment to, personalization of, and defense of primary territories (e.g., home) as being greater than for public territories (e.g., sunbathing spot on a beach). Aggressive driving may occur when social norms for defending a primary territory (i.e., one's automobile) become confused with less aggressive norms for defending a public territory (i.e., the road). Both number of territory markers (e.g., bumper stickers, decals) and attachment to the vehicle were significant predictors of aggressive driving. Mere presence of a territory marker predicts increased use of the vehicle to express anger and decreased use of adaptive/constructive expressions.
The above is
from: http://micro189.lib3.hawaii.edu:2191/doi/full/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00364.x
From: http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5gW4gPjZd2EpVnRcxWJABi8wKiGmw
Parents 'behind road
rage rise'
6-28-08
Young drivers aping their parents' bad behaviour behind the
wheel could be the cause of a rise in road rage incidents,
according to a survey.
Road rage is most likely to
occur among inexperienced motorists aged 18-29, with 61% of
this group admitting to personality changes while driving,
the survey from insurance company Norwich Union found.
Two-in-five young drivers
blame their parents for their erratic driving behaviour,
saying they inherited
their road rage tendencies from seeing their mother
and father at the wheel, the survey also showed.
From: http://www.radioiowa.com/gestalt/go.cfm?objectid=A6D531B5-E515-99D9-619A6133950CBD9C
High gas prices may help
keep traffic deaths down
By Matt
Kelley
Finally, a silver lining is
appearing in the dark cloud of high gasoline prices. The
number of traffic deaths statewide is down significantly
from a year ago, which Triple-A-Iowa's Rose White
attributes, in part, to the rising cost of filling our gas
tanks.
"With many motorists
curtailing their driving to conserve gasoline and vehicles
traveling at reduced speeds on the interstate to maximize
fuel efficiency, high fuel costs may be a factor in helping
to drive fewer deaths on the roadways," White says. "We also
believe teens may be driving fewer miles since they have
fewer dollars to spend on their gas."
Iowa has seen 145 traffic
deaths this year, compared to 166 on this date a year ago.
White says it's becoming clear, more people are trying to
save fuel by driving less -- and by driving smarter. "Some
people may be avoiding those aggressive driving behaviors,
such as hard braking and fast acceleration that waste fuel
and that frequently contribute to car accidents." White
says. "It certainly is interesting that we have this
double-digit drop (in highway deaths) and that may actually
be a result of high fuel prices."
The number of motorcycling
fatalities has also fallen this year, with 17 recorded
statewide so far in 2008, compared to 21 on this date a year
ago. She says fuel consumption rates are dropping as gas
prices rise -- and more people are riding mass transit as
well.
Driving slower on the
interstate can help save gas, White says, but how do you
know the ideal speed for your car? Most owner's manuals will
list the optimum speed for maximum fuel efficiency, and
White says for most vehicles, it's between 55 and 65 miles
an hour. Triple-A says the statewide average for a gallon of
unleaded gas is $3.93, which is 14-cents below the national
average.
Drivers with bumper
stickers likely to be aggressive: study
Misty
Harris , Canwest News Service
Published: Wednesday,
June 18, 2008
The next time you think
about tailgating someone, check their vehicle for bumper
stickers, window decals and vanity plates.
A new study shows these
kinds of "territory markers" indicate whether a driver will
respond to offensive behaviour with forgiveness or the
finger.
Researchers from Colorado
State University report that personalized items on an
automobile - everything from dashboard decor to Support Our
Troops stickers - predict road rage better than vehicle
value, condition, or similar clues to aggression behind the
wheel. What surprised study authors most, however, was the
fact the content of the items had no bearing on levels of
hostility. (...)
Leon
James, a noted expert on driving psychology and road
rage, says people who act on their road rage tend to express
their emotional territoriality more than others, something
that could easily translate to the purchase of "overt"
vehicle adornments.
"Anything you put on your
car is aggressive because it forces other people to look at
it," says James, a professor at the University of Hawaii.
"Drivers aren't out on the road to read your message."
The above is
from: http://www.canada.com/topics/news/cns_writers/story.html?id=ae5b9f9d-1293-49dd-bc1d-6bc29c189776&k=55380
See also by Leon
James: Emotional
Use
of the Gas Pedal || Musings
in Traffic || Emotional
Spin Cycle || Self-monitoring
Inventory || Drivers
Behaving Badly on TV || Children
and Road Rage || More
articles...
From our book on Road
Rage and Aggressive Driving
What principles are
safest for children as passengers, pedestrians, and
cyclists
1.
To become
more aware of habits
of thinking while walking or riding.
2.
To develop
objective
judgment about strangers' behavior.
3.
To develop
emotional
intelligence as drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.
4.
To
critically analyze driving incidents (scenario
analysis) by focusing on identifying choice-points
(how to prevent or break the chain of errors that leads to
catastrophe).
5.
To
acknowledge the human rights of
all drivers.
6.
To
acknowledge passengers'
rights (their convenience, comfort, and safety).
7.
To
acknowledge pedestrian
rights (why they must have the right of way).
8.
To
acknowledge the rights of bicycle riders and how to behave
near them.
9.
To
acknowledge the rights of truck
drivers, the need for truck deliveries, and how to
behave near them.
10. To practice group
discussions on the importance of civility in public
behavior (respecting mutual rights, inalienable rights,
fairness, character, community, etc.)
11. To be able to
defend the ideal of social
responsibility in public places
12. To recognize
the benefits and rewards of being supportive
and positive.
13. To practice self-witnessing
activities as passengers
14. To practice self-witnessing
activities as pedestrians and other road uses
The Highway Safety Act of 1996 authorizes the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), through its separate
agencies of the National Highway and Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway
Administration (FHA), to fund traffic improvement programs
implemented by state and local governments, including
funding safety improvements in the areas of occupant
protection, emergency medical services, police traffic
services, roadway safety, impaired driving, speed control,
motorcycle safety, traffic records, and pedestrian and
bicycle safety.
Bicycle advocacy groups want
more restrictions on the movement of cars, which drivers
oppose. Controversy surrounding the issue is inevitable
since the parties involved protect contrary interests, and
because it is amounts to speed control, traffic calming
tends to set opposing lines between neighborhood
constituencies
Motorists in transit vs.
local residents
Drivers vs. bicyclists ·
Drivers vs. pedestrians Bicyclists vs. pedestrians ·
Private vs. commercial drivers 4-wheel drivers vs.
truckers
Authorities set speed limits according to traffic
engineering studies. They find that the best way to
ascertain the appropriate speed limit for a stretch of road,
is to survey the speed of free flowing traffic, and to set
the speed limit at the 85th percentile. This is the speed
exceeded by 15 percent of the vehicles. This practice
minimizes accident risk and maximizes motorist compliance.
The NMA argues that instead of following this approach,
current speed limits are based on political considerations
(...).
for more, see DrDriving's Page
for Cyclists
and Pedestrians
Safety: Aggressive
driving targeted by new technology
08 Apr 08 15:01
Military personnel are among
the first in the UK to benefit from a new technology that
measures aggressive driver inputs and flags them up on the
dash, writes Nick Gibbs.
Designed to alert drivers to unsafe maneuvers, the gadget
from US-based GreenRoad Technologies measures g-forces and
compares them with a safe-driving benchmark. Sophisticated
software can then recognize 120 different driver actions and
will judge whether they're dangerous or not. If a danger is
recognized, a red light appears in the driver's peripheral
vision.
Traffic taking a toll on psychic
health, experts say 
From: http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-trafficpsychone8-2008jun08,0,6960850.story
By Christopher Goffard, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer June
8, 2008
(...) For Leon James,
a professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii, a
lifetime's academic pursuit began 25 years ago when his wife
told him his driving scared her. She pointed out that he
switched lanes before he looked, took curves too fast and
raged against other drivers.
The rebuke stung his pride but got him thinking -- and led
to his pioneering role in the small academic field of the
psychology of driving. He began by asking his students to
carry voice
recorders to monitor their responses on the road, and
learned that they were no strangers to rage -- particularly
when cut off, tailgated or stuck behind slow cars in the
fast lane. James said studies have found little correlation
between motorists'
personalities inside and outside of the car. Road rage
can overtake those who are models of agreeability at home or
at the office.
"People tell me, 'I'm amazed at myself. I'm not an
aggressive person. I'm not this way. Why do I feel this
way?' " James said. He has concluded that asphalt aggression
is not an anger-management problem but one of socialization
-- people absorb their driving mores in the
back seat at an early age, watching grown-ups curse,
pound the steering wheel and cut each other off.
Even as kids learn self-control on the playground, he said,
they are taught the opposite on the road. "What we need is traffic
emotions education starting in kindergarten," he said.
"You can't just act the way you want."
The following is
excerpted from:
Road
Rage and Aggressive Driving : Steering Clear of Highway
Warfare
by Leon James & Diane Nahl (Prometheus, 2000).
ROAD RAGE CHECKLIST: ASSESS
YOUR OWN RANGE OF HOSTILITY
The following twenty steps
are arranged along a continuum of escalating degrees of
hostility, beginning with relatively milder forms of
aggressiveness (step 1) and going all the way to extreme
violence (step 20). How far down the uncivilized path do you
allow yourself to go? The majority of drivers we tested go
as far as step 13.
1. Mentally condemning
another driver
2. Verbally denigrating another driver to passengers in your
vehicle
3. Closing ranks to deny someone entry into your lane
because you're frustrated or upset
4. Giving another driver the "stink eye" to show your
disapproval
5. Speeding past another car or revving the engine as a sign
of protest
6. Preventing another driver from passing because you're mad
7. Tailgating to pressure a driver to go faster or get out
of the way
8. Fantasizing physical violence against another driver
9. Honking or yelling at someone through the window to
indicate displeasure
10. Making a visible obscene gesture at another driver
11. Using your car to retaliate by making sudden,
threatening maneuvers
12. Pursuing another car because of a provocation or insult
13. Getting out of the car and
engaging in a verbal dispute on a street or parking lot
14. Carrying a weapon in the car in case you decide
to use it in a driving incident
15. Deliberately bumping or ramming another car in anger
16. Trying to run another car off the road to punish the
driver
17. Getting out of the car and beating or battering someone
as a result of a road exchange
18. Trying to run someone down whose actions angered you
19. Shooting at another car
20. Killing someone
How far down did you go on
the continuum? The checklist is divided into five equal
zones of intensity of aggressiveness.
Unfriendly Zone: Items 1 to
3 -- mental and verbal acts of unkindness toward other
drivers
Hostile Zone: Items 4 to 7
-- visibly communicating displeasure or resentment with the
desire to punish or retaliate
Violent Zone: Items 8 to 11
-- carrying out an act of hostility either in fantasy or in
deed
Lesser Mayhem Zone: Items 12
to 16 -- epic road rage contained within personal limits
Major Mayhem Zone: Items 17
to 20 -- unrestrained epic road rage; the stuff of violent
media headlines.
The above is
excerpted from:
Road
Rage and Aggressive Driving : Steering Clear of Highway
Warfare by Leon James & Diane Nahl (Prometheus,
2000).
See also Congressional
Testimony by Dr. Leon James
Search this Site || Children's
Books at Amazon.com
From: Esquire
magazine May 7, 2008 http://www.esquire.com/style/answer-fella/decaf-coffee-0508
Leon James, professor of
psychology and coauthor of Road
Rage and Aggressive Driving: Steering Clear of Highway
Warfare, says such impulses are neither uncommon
nor significant. "It's very similar to other behaviors that
don't have to do with cars, like throwing yourself down a
cliff. People don't like to look over the edge, because they
suddenly feel, Oh, no, I want to jump. They don't really
want to do it; they're just toying with the idea. For people
who are worried about it, I recommend making funny animal
noises -- like a bear or lion or kitty cat -- and bingo!
You're out of the whole thing."
Even so, adds James, "If it
happens frequently, that's a different story. It should only
happen once in a while."
From: http://www.nurs.co.uk/news/briefs/cms/1215014057212694732724_1.htm
01/07/2008 - News In Brief
What's driving motorists to
'road rage'
Inconsiderate and slow
drivers, as well as congestion are fuelling road rage among
Britain's motorsists.
Research by Norwich Union
found that road rage was most likely to occur among
inexperienced young drivers aged 18-29, with three in five
(61%) admitting to a personality changes behind the wheel.
The study found that
reckless driving (82%), slow motorists (69%) and traffic
jams (49%) toped the list of main road rage triggers. And
while one in five (22%) drivers simply shrugged off any
confrontation, over half of UK drivers (52%) reacted
differently to how they would normally by swearing,
shouting, making rude gestures, and flashing their lights.
Interestingly, almost 40% of
young drivers blamed their parents for their erratic driving
behaviour, saying they inherited their road rage tendencies
from seeing them behind the wheel.
Norwich Union's Nigel
Bartram said: "With more and more congestion on UK roads and
driving becoming an increasingly stressful experience, it's
no wonder road rage is more widespread than ever.
"However our research shows
how important it is for drivers to try and keep their cool
when on the roads - not only will it help make their
children better drivers, it will also make their journey
easier and less stressful, not to mention safer."
THE
AGGRESSIVE DRIVING SYNDROME
Our research shows that the
aggressiveness syndrome is made of the following 16 driver
behaviors. Ask yourself how many of these apply to you on a
regular basis:
1.
feeling stress
2.
swearing
3.
acting in a hostile
manner
4.
speeding
5.
yelling at other drivers
6.
honking at other drivers
7.
making insulting
gestures
8.
tailgating
9.
cutting someone off
10. expressing road rage
behavior
11. feeling enraged
12. indulging in violent
fantasies
13. feeling competitive with
other drivers
14. rushing all the time
15. feeling the desire to
drive dangerously
16. feeling less calm and level
headed behind the wheel
These 16 driving behaviors
define the aggressive driver syndrome. They are all
significantly intercorrelated. This means that if you do one
of them regularly, you will also do many of the other 15 on
a regular basis.
See also: What Drivers Complain About Arranged by
Feelings, Thoughts, and Acts
See also: 9 Zones of Your Driving Personality
Do you swear
behind the wheel?
There are large differences
in driver swearing behavior when you compare age groups.
Young drivers (15 to 24) admit to swearing the most (66% do
it), but as they get older (25 to 54), they tend to reduce
somewhat (60%), and finally, when drivers enter the senior
category of motorists (55 to 94 -- in this sample), they
greatly reduce their swearing (42%). Still, these data show
that swearing is a cultural driving norm related to age, and
a strong one. Six out of ten young drivers admit to swearing
and cuss at other drivers, and 4 out of 10 senior drivers do
so. Obviously, we need to examine this lack of civility
between drivers.
Do you switch lanes without
signaling?
Do drivers of different age
groups vary in their lane hopping behavior, depending on the
type of car they drive? The answer is Yes, as usual:
Regardless of the type of car they drive, young people outdo
older people in illegal lane switching. There is a high cost
for this recklessness since crash fatalities are one of the
main causes of death for this age group. The tragedy of it
is compounded by the fact that our culture raises these
youngsters by providing them with an ideology of driving
aggressiveness and hostility as portrayed in the public
media--see my report here. The good news is that cultural
habits can be retrained by a new cultural focus as I argue
in my congressional testimony, namely, Lifelong Driver's Ed
from K through 12 and after that, Quality
Driving Circles or QDCs that are neighborhood-based or
related to the workplace (see our
new proposal here).
Search this Site || Songs
About Driving Cars on Roads and Highways
Do you tailgate dangerously?
The results
for
the 10 states in this sample for which I had enough
respondents to make statistical comparisons, show the worst
five States with a mean of 21% dangerous tailgating:
Colorado (25%), Georgia (20%), Pennsylvania (20%), Michigan
(19%), Texas (19%). The lowest tailgating States are:
Illinois (8%), New York (10%), Florida (14%), Ohio (15%),
California (18%).
There are as you might
expect, age
differences as well as gender differences. Among young
drivers, 19% admit to tailgating dangerously, which is about
one in five. This is more than middle aged drivers (15%) and
senior drivers (6%). This age pattern recurs in many
aggressive driving behaviors: as we get older, we drive less
aggressively. Women admit to as much tailgating as men
(15%), in general, but once again there are significant
influences attributable to the type of car they drive, as
show in this table:
You can see that those drive
the "soft" cars (family and economy) tailgate less than
those who drive the "hard" cars (sports and SUV) with a
ratio of two to one. This holds true for both men and women.
However, with SUV drivers we see a reversal between the
genders: more female SUV drivers tailgate dangerously, by
their own admission, than male drivers of SUVs.
(...)
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What Motorists Are Saying
about Anger and Road Rage in Their Lives 
^^^ Anger is a
natural emotion, and is rather self-protective at times.
Anger can be maladaptive, and during those times we need
to check ourselves, or wait to overtly react. It is
healthy to have the ability to get angry, but it is
unhealthy to let anger rule or overcome your life to the
point that the only thing you can see or feel is anger.
Our moods need to have some balance, and controlling anger
when it is inappropriate is important. Knowing the
difference between inappropriate anger and appropriate
anger is an important exploration. For instance, if you
want your job, you cannot yell at your boss because you
are angry at him, but instead sit calmly and explain your
feelings if possible. I am rarely enraged, except when
someone i love is hurt. I get depressed oftentimes, but
not to the point of feeling hopeless. A little depression
can lead to self-exploration, which can be good
(reevaluating things, etc.) Again, if emotions are out of
control, no matter what emotion it is, that is not healthy.
^^^ As the light changed from red to green to
yellow and back to red again, I asked myself "Is life
really just a bunch of honking and screaming?"
Everybody is in a rush. Whether getting to work or
driving home, most people are rushing! I know I have a bad
temper. I grew up watching my father get extremely angry.
He wouldn't hit us, the kids, but he would hit other
objects and shake things. I grew up thinking this was the
way to deal with anger. I know its wrong. I am trying very
hard to control my anger on the roads and with the people
I love. I tend to get most angry with those I love and who
love me. I take the worst out on these people and then
regret it later. Our society is like this too. We are all
very selfish and want what we want when we want it. I hope
this will help your survey. I can honestly say that I am
trying to make a POSITIVE change in my attitude and the
way I see others and the way in which I handle my anger.
Thank you for this opportunity to express myself.
^^^ I believe that our society is becoming more
self-centered in general. People seem to have a me-first
attitude that didn't exist 30 or more years ago. There's a
sense of entitlement that seems to justify bad (and/or
narcissistic) behaviors. Anger, rudeness and lack of
consideration for others are becoming so much the norm
that I find myself surprised when strangers are kind or
considerate (whether on the road or in a store or
whatever). I find it difficult to be mean or rude, even
when I feel I've been wronged -- it's just how I was
raised and I think most others my age (50+) are the same.
But it looks to me that this attitude will die with us and
our society will be one mean place to be in future years.
^^^ I notice all the time in my city the people who
have problems with "road rage". I my self am a borderline
road rager, but I will say that I've gotten a lot better.
However, there are people out there also that purposely do
things to aggravate or irritate the "road ragers" and make
situations worse instead of just moving out of their way.
Like slowing way down or slamming on their brakes in the
fast lane instead of just moving over. In my opinion they
are just as bad if not worse than "Road Ragers". Sometimes
they are the ones that cause the situations!!
^^^ I think people need to get more sleep, more
exercise, and have more active relaxation (not tv or
computer games). I think that thinking through situations,
being compassionate and empathetic, helps. Give the person
irritating you all the excuses you would give yourself if
you made a mistake. Sometimes lying to yourself (e.g.
"that person must not have seen me" or "they didn't mean
to do that") helps to decrease anger, when necessary.
^^^ I think that socially - we are becoming more
insular and have lost the art of patience. I work at
maintaining balance - as do many of my
peers/friends/family - yet also witness impatience among
those groups - more than I recall as a child in the smae
groups (or shall I say youngster). My husband - a normally
patient person - paid a "per diem" for the horrific
commute he has - recounts terrible incidents he has seen
on the roadways -and the difficulty of trying to maneuver
away from it. I try to travel side and back roads - and am
often shocked when I get on our highways to witness the
speeding and weaving - beeping and bad behavior on the
roads. I must also comment that I NEVER NEVER see State
Police out on the roads. I have called in plates of
dangerous drivers - and have written letters that have
seen no follow up. I wish you had one more question on
your survey. It would be this: Do you ever wish you/your
family could get around without having to drive on our
nation's roads? Yes! Yes I do.
^^^ I think we get angrier as a society because we're
eating too much artificial food. I've cut back on the
amount of caffeine I drink, and it's helped a lot, but I'm
still very impatient.
^^^ I want to find a way to let out all the stress
of the day so that by the time I hit the road I don't get
so angry at the guy the "cuts me off" on the way home.
Trouble is, how do you get the other guy to find an outlet
for his anger? I am seriously considering taking up
kickboxing to vent.
^^^ Sometimes I feel discouraged like we are
completely losing sight of the things that really matter
in society, like family, love, religion, children and
family virtues and values. I had a brother who passed away
at 26 five years ago. It was a very depressing time for
me. I used to listen to very angry, aggressive music to
revert all of my sadness and discouragement to anger and
rage. Now, I find sometimes it is hard to let go of those
things.
^^^ I'd like to say that there is a good side to
road rage: that is that it tends to deter people from
intentionally being rude to other motorists. and on the
other hand, there are so many cell phone owners that 'road
rage assailants need to be particularly careful that there
are no witnesses, before they offend.
^^^ It seems people do not take responsibility for
their anger or feelings. my favorite quote is from the
movie "The Big Chill": "I could have, I chose not to."
^^^ Anger can help you to act constructively, to push you
to the point where you will do what you previously thought
yourself incapable of doing. To act off anger is not
always to act in violence or negativity. Most people don't
realize this, but anger is the greatest motivator.
For explanations see
this article.
See also: Cars, Drivers, Passengers |and| Relationships,
Marriage, Romance
See also: Pets
Psychology and Rage-Depression -- Pet Loss, Human
Catheads, More...
See also: Songs
About Cars
Road rage parents likely
to snap at kids
Lara Hertel , Reuters
Life
Published: Tuesday,
June 24, 2008
From: http://www.canada.com/topics/lifestyle/story.html?id=0a9f4add-2b77-48e3-816e-913451bf0c8c
TORONTO - Parents who
succumb to fits of road rage are also more likely to blow a
fuse at their children's sporting events, according to U.S.
research.
University of Maryland
researcher Jay Goldstein said these type-A individuals were
more prone to erupt in anger in many situations -- from
being cut off in traffic to an unfavourable referee call --
because their ego takes it personally.
"Taking things personally is
a strong trigger for anger," Goldstein told Reuters. (...)
Reports of so-called
"sideline rage" are often in the media, most recently when a
lacrosse league in Winnipeg, this month temporarily barred
spectators from games following a string of complaints about
abusive parents.
Loud, interfering parents
have prompted several youth sporting teams in North America
to implement "Silent Saturdays," which bars cheering or
yelling during games.
To see which parents were
most involved, Goldstein surveyed 340 parents attending
their children's soccer game and asked them to rate factors
such as stress, pressure and levels of anger. (...)
Those identified as
"control-oriented" more often viewed the actions on the
field as a personal affront, and reported more feelings of
aggression than parents identified as "autonomy-oriented,"
or less affected by external factors. (...)
Even parents who usually
don't take things personally admitted to feeling angry
during their children's game, although they were able to
control their reactions longer than those who were
"control-oriented."
© The Windsor Star 2008
The
Great Rubbernecking Debate
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From: http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/25/Hillsborough/An_urge_to_gawk_fuels.shtml
An urge to gawk fuels
trouble
Rubbernecking drivers create problems, and
it's getting worse, area road officials say.
By MIKE BRASSFIELD
Published June 25, 2007
(...)
Rubbernecking is not a new
phenomenon. According to H.L. Mencken's classic book The
American Language, the word entered the American vernacular
as part of a wave of compound words invented during the late
1800s and early 1900s: Joyride, highbrow, skyscraper,
pinhead. Rubberneck.
So why do we do it?
To a certain extent, it's
natural, experts say. Humans are a curious species and drawn
to the unusual. Drivers are trained to survey the terrain
around them.
"That's the driver's job --
to cover all the visual field, to the side and in front.
Drivers are supposed to do that," said Leon James, a
University of Hawaii psychology professor who's considered
one of the nation's top experts on traffic habits.
"The problem is slowing down
while you're looking at an accident," James said. He
suggests drivers train themselves to look without holding up
traffic -- maintain your speed, keep a safe following
distance and take quick glances while passing a crash scene.
When a driver stops or slows
drastically to rubberneck, experts say it causes a "backward
traveling traffic wave" -- the next driver must stop and the
next and the next, potentially affecting thousands of
vehicles. From the air it resembles an accordion, with gaps
closing until the cars are bumper-to-bumper.
When that first vehicle
takes off again, the reverse happens. Reopening those gaps
takes a few seconds per car and, when multiplied by
thousands of cars, leads to traffic jams.
"These traffic waves have
been observed to go as much as 25 miles behind one little
slowdown," James said. "Long after you get home, the traffic
wave you created is still slowing down people on the
highway."
That's why sometimes, after
being stuck in traffic for an hour, you never even get to
see the reason why. It's all been cleared away by the time
you get there. (...)
Interview with Leon James and Diane Nahl
Chatelaine Magazine
Shandley McMurray December 2000
Could you classify this as
a road rage incident?
Yes. A chase took place,
someone got out and beat on the car and used their car to
block, police were called.
How would you define road
rage?
Road rage is the inability
to let go of the desire to punish or retaliate. It is an
emotionally impaired state of anger leading to aggressive
behavior in words, gestures, assault, or battery.
How could she have avoided
this? Could she have avoided this?
You said she drove for 5
mins. before realizing she was being followed by a hostile
car. After inadvertently cutting someone off one must be
vigilant and alert to the consequences. And in that case she
could have called 911 sooner (rather than calling a friend).
Also, how could she have prevented inadvertently cutting
someone off--this is important because it's a frequent
source of road rage duels. Late at night one must be
especially vigilant, and especially for women driving alone
in a sports car--all of these are social signs of
vulnerability on our highways that require increased
prudence. Because being in a rush is so fundamental to our
society's dynamic, inadvertently cutting someone off has
become routine and not unusual, hence a very large pet peeve
of the driving public.
How can women drivers
avoid being the victims of road rage?
Besides the above, women
drivers need to practice being more alert and conscious of
other drivers. We are not alone out there, driving is a
group activity and all of us need to treat it as such.
Can you name 10 ways that
women drivers can avoid being road ragers or aggressive
drivers themselves? (or what are the top 10 ways to dispel
road rage?)
Dr. James and Dr. Nahl:
1.
Slowly count to ten.
While you force yourself to count slowly, your adrenaline
goes down to normal levels. Take deep breaths as you do
this.
2.
Forgive and forget Think
about the people who are waiting for you to arrive and how
you don't want to disappoint them. Tell yourself it's just
not worth the hassle.
3.
Make funny noises
Laughter not only interrupts your negative thinking, it
unloads the stress. Try animal sounds or any nonsense
noise--really get into it.
4.
Use the Castanza
Technique When you're in a bad mood, act the opposite of
what you feel like. It worked for George on
Seinfeld--remember that episode?
5.
Act as-if Do your
courtesy waves and put on a pleasant face. The way you drive
is contagious. You're influencing others' behavior, not by
retaliating, but by peacemaking.
6.
Shrink your emotional
territory Develop an attitude of latitude. Think of positive
reasons why drivers do things that annoy you. Perhaps
they're sick or confused. Maybe they're rushing to the
bathroom. Maybe they just got some bad news. Maybe...
7.
Come out swinging
positive Don't be rude to the rude. Seize control by
defusing anger. Apologize, don't argue, be sympathetic.
Don't challenge anything. Go out of your way to appear
friendly and peaceful.
8.
Drive with emotional
intelligence It's intelligent to choose positive
explanations, rather than negative because they are less
disturbing, more community oriented, less alienating, and
ultimately more satisfying than the "you stupid clown"
approach.
9.
Commit to Lifelong
Driver Self-improvement Keep a Driving Log or Diary and make
appropriate entries after each trip. Or, you can record
yourself while driving, speaking your thoughts aloud. What a
revelation when you listen to it later! It's a wake-up call
to a driving personality makeover.
These tips and explanations are part of a large collection
on our DrDriving.org Web site:
See Traffic
Emotions
Education
(TEE Cards) || See DrDriving's
Collection of Tips and Advice
We review various gender
issues in driving differences between men and women on
our site.
Why did you write your
book "Road
Rage And Aggressive Driving"?
We wanted to improve our
relationship, and later to teach our students a useful
method to improve their driving personalities, and now we
want to help people on a wider scale to gain self-control
over their traffic emotions and stress for a safer, happier,
healthier life.
What did you hope you
would achieve by writing this book?
What we learned by recording
the thoughts and feelings of many drivers in traffic made us
realize that we're in the midst of a public health crisis on
the roads, and that people are ill equipped to cope with the
complexity and intensity of driving today. For today's
generation of drivers, both men and women, young and old,
professional and inexperienced, it has become normal and
common to drive aggressively but calling it something
else--assertive, excellent, precision, effective, defensive,
careful. This is a symptom of the definition gap we
discovered that exists between most drivers' definition of
what is aggressive and law enforcement's definition of what
is aggressive driving.
The reason that aggressive
driving is now the norm in society is that we as toddlers in
the back seat, absorbed our parents' driving emotions and
attitudes, including how fast they usually drive, what they
say out loud to or about other drivers, how they handle
distractions inside the car, who they blame after an
incident, and their ongoing feelings in the vehicle.
We discovered that people
can acquire self-control behind the wheel by overcoming
misconceptions acquired in childhood and using simple
strategies to diffuse dangerous situations or to avoid them
altogether. Our book enables drivers to re-educate
themselves to cope with the increasing complexity of
driving, including emotional complexity, technological
complexity, and situational complexity. Our hope is that
people will learn Driving Psychology, practice safer
behavior on the road so that the crash and fatality
statistics will be dramatically reduced within a generation.
We created driving psychology because it teaches drivers of
all ages and experience how to engineer their own driving
personality makeover. Since we begin our long driving
careers as adolescents rigged for road rage and aggressive
driving, people need technical skills in self-science to
change long habits.
How long have you been
interested in this topic?
Since 1981, when we got
married and Leon began to drive Diane and her grandmother,
who was a vocal commentator on Leon's driving (this is
portrayed in the Preface). Subsequently we designed instruction
for our college students who learned to engineer their
own driving personality makeovers.
Do you think this topic is
of more concern to women than men? If so, why?
We get more from women. They
are usually concerned about a spouse whose aggressive
driving has become very dangerous and frightening to their
children. Women spend more time driving children and have
more opportunity to pass on their driving habits to their
children. We devote chapter 7 to Children and Road Rage with
exercises they can do in the car to teach children to become
emotionally intelligent passengers and future drivers. A
basic tenet of driving psychology is that driver education
begins as toddlers. We recommend that mothers take time to
engage the children in critical thinking about routine
traffic and driving issues.
Back
to Interview Answers || Back to
DrDriving || List of Past Interviews || Children's
Books at Amazon.com
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Don't
do this in your car
From: http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/05/16/common.driving.mistakes/
Pushing
buttons
Car companies and their
suppliers jump through lawyers' hoops when developing
central information consoles that can include satellite
navigation, stereo controls and climate gauges. And with
good reason.
Tweaking these devices while
driving is a leading cause of accidents and near misses,
according to Drive for Life, the National Safe Driving Test
and Initiative. Most new consoles won't allow you to plug
directions into a sat-nav while the car is in gear, but
almost all allow you to play with the stereo. Try to do this
when stationary, at traffic lights if you must. (...)
Aggressive driving is a
factor in about 56 percent of fatal crashes, says the latest
study on driving habits from the Surface Transportation
Policy Partnership.
Though subject to debate,
the study has classified aggressive driving as "speeding,
tailgating, failing to yield, weaving in and out of traffic,
passing on the right, making improper and unsafe lane
changes and running stop signs and red lights." The group
says that most drivers admit to making the same mistakes
they hate to see other drivers commit.
As a group, teenagers are
more likely than most to take their eyes off the road to
concentrate on mobile devices, including cell phones, iPods
and instant messaging gadgets.
They are also the age group
most likely to impress their friends both with the latest in
gadgetry and by taking risks behind the wheel. The National
Safety Council points out that traffic crashes are the
leading cause of fatalities in teens, accounting for 44
percent of deaths. (...)
Driving while upset ||
Turn signals || Pushing the wrong pedal ||
Speeding and tailgating || Buckle up ||
Driving while tired
From: http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/05/16/common.driving.mistakes/
According to Natural
Resources Canada, speedy and aggressive driving burns
excessive fuel and money and only saves a matter of minutes.
If someone told you you
could save two minutes of time by burning 39 per cent more
fuel would you still do it? Would it be worth it?
With gasoline prices at over
a dollar per litre and with the growing concern for the
environment, does it really make sense to speed and drive
aggressively?
Reducing your speed from
120km/hour to 100km/hr can save drivers up to 20 per cent in
fuel costs while aggressive driving (rapid acceleration and
braking) can cost up to 39 per cent more in fuel use and
cost (as well as increasing the wear and tear on the
vehicle).
From: http://www.canada.com/surreynow/news/story.html?id=d400cfa9-9e59-4831-8794-79671a29ed78
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Passenger
Contract
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Rage
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Rage || Shopping
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Letters and Answers || Controversial
Issues Debated || Cars, Drivers, Passengers |and| Relationships,
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About Driving Cars on Roads and Highways
Useful Outside Links
Summary Table on Aggressive
Driving Laws www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/speedlaws501/summtable_aggressive.htm
State
By State Analysis
Survey of
the States Speeding Laws
www.statehighwaysafety.org/html/publications/pdf/surveystates2005/speeding_intro.pdf
www.vcorps.army.mil/Safety/driving/AggressiveDriving.ppt#23
Safe Senior
Citizen Driving
www.helpguide.org/life/senior_citizen_driving.htm
Interview
Answers
on Road Rage and Other Rages for Various News Sources by
Dr. Leon James
More Topics on this Site
Search this Site || Children's
Books at Amazon.com
1. Road
Rage -- What is it? Who has it? Why is it
happening now? How do we avoid it?
2. Aggressive
Driving -- How does the law define it?
What do people consider to be aggressive driving? How
widespread is it? What are the top aggressive driving
behaviors? Which cities have the highest rate of aggressive
driving? How do you deal with it? Who is an aggressive
driver? How do I assess myself on it? What do I do about it?
Aggressiveness in relation to type of vehicle, gender,
geographic area.
3. Stress and
Driving -- Why is driving stressful? Does it
have health effects? How do I reduce my stress in traffic?
4. Driving
Angry -- Why do drivers get angry? What triggers
anger? Is venting anger helpful? Who gets most angry? How
can you reduce anger behind the wheel?
5. Congestion
and Frustration -- Is congestion ever going to
improve? Which cities have the most congestion? How does it
affect our quality of life? What's the best way to handle
it.
6. Music
and Driving -- Why do drivers like to listen to
music? Does it have an effect on their driving? Is some
music more calming than others? Is some type of music too
exciting for driving?
7. Men
and Women Drivers -- Do they drive differently?
How do crash and fatality statistics differ for men and
women? Why do women drivers have a bad reputation among men?
8. Distracted
Driving-- How big is this problem? What does it
include? How does it happen? How do I assess my tendency to
drive distracted?
9. Emergency
Vehicles -- How big a problem is ambulance
chasing? Who is doing it and why? What's being done about
it? Why don't drivers get out of the way of emergency
vehicles? The EMS perspective.
10. Rushing
-- Why are we in a hurry all the time? How does rushing
affect other drivers? Is it aggressive to drive in a hurry?
11. Drunk
Driving -- How does the law define it and what
are the penalties? Designated drivers. Breath analyzers and
BAC levels. Sobriety check points. MADD.
12. Driving
Emotionally Impaired -- When do our emotions interfere
with our driving? How do we avoid it and regain control?
13. Driving
and Cell Phone Use -- How dangerous is
it? Should it be illegal? Can we train ourselves to use it
safely?
14. Driving
Drowsy -- Is it a big problem? How do I avoid
it? What are the signs? How dangerous is it compared to
drunk driving?
15. Teen
Driving -- Why is their crash rate so high? When
should they get their permit? What impact does peer pressure
have? How do cruising and partying in the car contribute to
teen crash and fatality rates? Underage drinking. SADD. What
is graduated licensing? How can parents help? Scenario
analysis to build critical thinking about driving (There are
always new cases to analyze from the media and the courts).
What courses are available? Distance education courses.
16. Older
Drivers -- Is there an age at which one should
give up driving? What are the symptoms? Is it fair to impose
restrictions? How can older drivers compensate for declining
physical ability?
17. Drivers and
Bicyclists -- Is there a war between them? Who
is affected? What groups are involved in activism?
18. Traffic
Calming -- What is it? Why install road bumps
and traffic circles when cars are just going through an
area? Benefits and opposition.
19.
Ramp
Meters -- Why are they needed? Are there going
to be more of them? How can drivers adapt to them? What
public agencies can do to reduce anxiety and frustration.
20. Intelligent
Highways
and Cars -- What are they? Do they exist now? What's
planned for the immediate future? Will it make a big
difference?
21.
Mobile
Computing -- What communications equipment are being
placed in cars? How do people use them? Is there a safety
problem? Are there laws about it? Should there be more
required training?
22. Rubbernecking
-- How does it hinder traffic? What are traffic
waves? How can you minimize them?
23. Drivers
and Passengers -- Is there a battle between
them? Do passengers have rights? What is bad and good
passenger behavior? What are a driver's responsibilities
towards passengers?
24. Speed
Limit Enforcement --The Great Speed Limit Debate
on the Web. What organized groups are there against speed
limits? What is a Speedtrap Registry? How effective are
they? What's their thesis?
25. Partnership
Driving -- Enlist your passengers to help you
become a better driver. How to proceed. Benefits.
26. SUVs
-- How do people feel driving them? Why do people buy them?
How do people in smaller cars feel around SUVs? What impact
has the tire recall had?
27. Driver
Support Groups -- What are QDCs (Quality Driving
Circles)? How do they work? Who should be in them? What are
their benefits?
28. Driving
Around Trucks -- What is the "No Zone"? How do
truckers feel about 4-wheelers? Why do people complain about
large trucks? Are they dangerous to the public?
29. Driving
Informatics -- The new information field
covering the many new areas in society that have become
connected to cars--DMV databases, travel, communications,
computing, law enforcement, insurance, consumer groups,
sales, advertising, automotive medicine, traffic psychology,
driver education, dashboard dining, anger management, the
Web, e-mail, e-commerce, entertainment industry, road
management, traffic calming, speedtrap registries, and
others.
30. Children
in the Car -- Driver education begins when we ride in
cars driven by adults. How to avoid teaching them to become
aggressive drivers when they grow up. Helpful activities
with children in cars.
31. Safety
and Driver Education -- The new curriculum for
lifelong driver education K through 12. Road rage against
children. Children's road rage. Critical thinking. Affective
education.
32. Aggressive
Driving
Initiatives
by
Police -- What are they? Who funds them? How do
they operate? How are they trained for it? How do they
combine education with enforcement?
33. Dashboard
Dining --Who eats in cars, how often? What new
fast food products make it easier or safer to eat while
driving? What are the concerns.
34. Photo
Radar -- Red light running--why people do it.
How does photo-radar work? Automatic ticketing by mail.
Benefits and concerns.
35. Training Our
Traffic Emotions -- What are traffic emotions?
Why do we need to identify our irrational driving rules? How
can we become emotionally intelligent drivers? What is the
Threestep Program for driver self-improvement training?
Critical thinking for emotional challenges--how to be
prepared. What is the driver's prime directive.
36. Traffic Stops
-- How should the driver behave? What not to do. Law
enforcement perspective. Public's perspective. The use of
video cameras.
37. Driver's
Diary -- Keeping a log of your mistakes.
Recording yourself thinking aloud. Other self-witnessing
methods suitable for changing your driving personality.
38. Traffic
Violator Schools -- Who gets to take it. Typical
curriculum and new aggressive driving components. Benefits
and incentive programs.
39. Songs
About Cars -- Popular song lyrics spiritually
explained.
Annotated
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